Bispecific Antibodies, Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors, and Antibody-Drug Conjugates Directing Antitumor Immune Responses: Challenges and Prospects.

Tumor immunotherapy includes bispecific antibodies (BsAbs), immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), vaccines, and adoptive cell immunotherapy. BsAbs belong to the family of antibodies that can specifically target two or more different antigens and are a promising option for tumor immunotherapy. Immune checkpoints are antibodies targeting PD-1, PD-L1, and CTLA4 and have demonstrated remarkable therapeutic efficacy in the treatment of hematological and solid tumors, whose combination therapies have been shown to synergistically enhance the antitumor effects of BsAbs.

Diagnostic efficiency of conventional ultrasound, shear wave elastography, and superb microvascular imaging in evaluating ulnar neuropathy at the elbow.

Introduction/aims: The current diagnosis of ulnar neuropathy at the elbow (UNE) relies mainly on the clinical presentation and nerve electrodiagnostic (EDX) testing, which can be uncomfortable and yield false negatives. The aim of this study was to investigate the diagnostic value of conventional ultrasound, shear wave elastography (SWE), and superb microvascular imaging (SMI) in diagnosing UNE.

Methods: We enrolled 40 patients (48 elbows) with UNE and 48 healthy volunteers (48 elbows).

Active Ingredients of Reduning Injection Maintain High Potency against SARS-CoV-2 Variants.

Objective: To investigate the anti-coronavirus potential and the corresponding mechanisms of the two ingredients of Reduning Injection: quercetin and luteolin.

Methods: A pseudovirus system was designed to test the efficacy of quercetin and luteolin to inhibit SARS-CoV-2 infection and the corresponding cellular toxicity. Luteolin was tested for its activities against the pseudoviruses of SARS-CoV-2 and its variants.

[Changes in the functional connectivity of the thalamus in insomniac ED patients with yin deficiency and fire syndrome: An exploration based on functional MRI findings].

Objective: To investigate the changes of nocturnal erectile function and functional connectivity (FC) of bilateral thalami in insomniac ED patients with yin deficiency and fire syndrome.

Methods: We enrolled 30 healthy controls and 87 ED patients with yin deficiency and fire syndrome, 41 with and the other 46 without insomnia. Using IIEF-5 and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), we evaluated the nocturnal erectile function and sleep quality of the patients and compared the clinical indicators between the two groups.

Effects of subitems in the colorectal cancer screening protocol on the Chinese colorectal cancer screening program: an analysis based on natural community screening results.

Background: To date, no single colorectal cancer (CRC) screening strategy has been determined to be applicable worldwide. In China, a CRC screening protocol that combines double fecal immunochemical tests (FITs) and a high-risk factor questionnaire (HRFQ) as the first stage of screening and colonoscopy as the second stage of screening (scenario A) was adapted by the Chinese Ministry of Health in 2006. However, applying this CRC screening protocol nationally remains difficult because its effectiveness and convenience are controversial.

Rhodohalobacter barkolensis sp. nov., isolated from a saline lake and emended description of the genus Rhodohalobacter.

A Gram-stain-negative, non-motile, aerobic, rod-shaped bacterium, designated 15182, was isolated from a saline lake in China. The novel strain 15182 was able to grow at 10-40 °C (optimum, 37 °C), pH 7.0-8.

Cost-Effectiveness between Double and Single Fecal Immunochemical Test(s) in a Mass Colorectal Cancer Screening.

This study investigated the cost-effectiveness between double and single Fecal Immunochemical Test(s) (FIT) in a mass CRC screening. A two-stage sequential screening was conducted. FIT was used as a primary screening test and recommended twice by an interval of one week at the first screening stage.

[Age-specific detection rates of colorectal neoplasms by colonoscopic screening in high-incidence rural area].

Objective: To compare the age-specific detection rates of colorectal neoplasms by colonoscopic screening among high-risk population in rural area and to provide evidence for determining the initial age in the colorectal cancer screening.

Methods: The age-specific detection rates of colorectal cancers and adenomas, and the proportion of detected cases in each age group after screening by the optimized sequential colorectal cancer screening program in Jiashan County, Zhejiang Province, were analyzed.

Results: Mass screening with the optimized sequential colorectal cancer screening program in Jiashan was conducted and 8867 colonoscopic examinations were performed.

Association of CASP9, CASP10 gene polymorphisms and tea drinking with colorectal cancer risk in the Han Chinese population.

The initiators caspase-9 (CASP9) and caspase-10 (CASP10) are two key controllers of apoptosis and play important roles in carcinogenesis. This study aims to explore the association between CASPs gene polymorphisms and colorectal cancer (CRC) susceptibility in a population-based study. A two-stage designed population-based case-control study was carried out, including a testing set with 300 cases and 296 controls and a validation set with 206 cases and 845 controls.

[Association between H-ras and L-myc gene polymorphisms and susceptibility to colorectal cancer].

Objective: To explore the association between the polymorphisms of oncogenes H-ras and L-myc and colorectal cancer risk, and the interaction of those genes.

Methods: The genotypes of H-ras and L-myc genes were determined by polymerase chain reaction-based restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. Stratified analysis and logistic model were used to detect the gene-gene interaction.

[Primary evaluation of a mass screening program for colorectal tumor in China].

Objective: To evaluate a colorectal cancer screening program by tumor detection rate and discussing its application values.

Method: In total, 43 713 subjects were recruited in the screening program who were the registered people aged 40 - 74 in Xiacheng and Jiashan during year 2007 - 2009. The first screening involved questionnaire survey of colorectal cancer related risk factors and fecal occult blood test (FOBT), colonoscopy was performed when a positive result was observed in the first screening.

Performance of a colorectal cancer screening protocol in an economically and medically underserved population.

The performance of combining fecal immunochemical tests (FITs) and a high-risk factor questionnaire (HRFQ) in colorectal cancer (CRC) screening in economically and medically underserved populations is uncertain. This study investigated the performance of a CRC screening protocol of combining FITs and an HRFQ as primary screening methods in a rural Chinese population. A CRC mass screening was conducted using FITs and an HRFQ as the first and colonoscopy as the second stage of screening in Jiashan, 2007-2009.

[Optimization of sequential screening scheme in prevention of colorectal neoplasm].

Objective: To improve early diagnosis rate and reduce the incidence rate of colorectal cancer, through the application of optimized sequential screening scheme for colorectal neoplasm in general population.

Methods: Quantitative risk assessment by questionnaires survey and fecal occult blood test (FOBT) were used to proceed preliminary screening among people aged 40 to 74. Electronic colonoscopy was applied to examine the whole colon and rectum among identified high-risk subjects.

[Association of miR-605 and miR-149 genetic polymorphisms with related risk factors of lung cancer susceptibility].

Objective: To explore association of miR-149 and miR-605 polymorphisms with other risk factors of lung cancer susceptibility among Chinese population.

Methods: Two hundred and forty-four patients with lung cancer and 243 cancer-free controls matched by age and sex were enrolled from 2002 to 2008. Peripheral venous blood samples were collected from all subjects.

[Association of CASP3 polymorphisms and its haplotypes with susceptibility of breast cancer].

Objective: To investigate the association of Caspase3 (CASP3) polymorphisms with susceptibility of breast cancer in Chinese Han population.

Methods: In this population-based case-control study, 251 cases with breast cancers and 251 matched controls in terms of habitation and age (±5 years) were recruited. Rs4647693, rs2696056, rs4647610 were selected as TagSNPs in CASP3 gene and genotyped by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method.

[Association of XPC gene polymorphisms with breast cancer risk].

Objective: To access the association of xeroderma pigmentosum group C (XPC) Lys939Gln (A/C) and Ala499Val (C/T) polymorphisms with breast cancer risk in a Chinese Han population.

Methods: 173 patients with breast cancer and 171 matched controls in terms of habitation and age (±5 years) were included in this population-based case-control study. Polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method was employed to genotyping the Lys939Gln and Ala499Val polymorphisms.

[Expression of caspase apoptosis pathway genes mRNA in colorectal cancer and polyps].

Objective: To investigate mRNA expression of caspase apoptosis pathway genes in colorectal cancer, polyps and normal mucosa.

Methods: Nineteen patients with colorectal cancer, 86 patients with polyps and 10 normal controls were enrolled from 2008 to 2010. Fluorescence quantitative RT-PCR was performed to detect the mRNA expression of caspase apoptosis pathway genes (caspase-2,-3,-6,-7,-8,-9 and -10) in colorectal cancer, polyps and normal mucosa.

[Association between HRE-2 gene polymorphism at codon 655 and genetic susceptibility of colorectal cancer].

Objective: To explore the distribution of HER-2 genetic polymorphism at codon 655 and its association with susceptibility of colorectal cancer in Chinese.

Methods: A population-based case-control study was carried out. 292 patients with colorectal cancer and 842 healthy controls were interviewed.

[Application of multifactor dimensionality reduction on the interactions between gene-gene, gene-environment and the risk sporadic colorectal cancer in Chinese population].

Objective: To identify the association between risk of sporadic colorectal cancer and the common single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in DNA repairs genes, gene to gene interactions among them and their gene to environment interactions with common environmental factors.

Methods: In this population-based case-control study, 206 primary colorectal cancer cases and 845 cancer-free healthy controls were enrolled. Genotyping was carried out using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) technique, with the status of subjects case or controls unknown.

[Association of single nucleotide polymorphisms and haplotypes in DNA repair gene XRCC1 with susceptibility of breast cancer].

Objective: To examine the contribution of the three most common single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in XRCC1 gene, C26304T, G27466A and G28152A, to susceptibility of breast cancer in Chinese Han population.

Methods: In this population-based case control study, 84 cases with breast cancer and 252 controls, matched to the cases in terms of habitation and age (5 years), were genotyped for the XRCC1 C26304T, G27466A and G28152A polymorphisms by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) methods. The haplotype distribution was estimated and compared by EH linkage software 1.

[A case-control study on the association between genetic polymorphisms of metabolic enzymes and the risk of colorectal cancer].

Objective: To investigate the association between metabolic enzymes polymorphisms and the risk of colorectal cancer(CRC).

Methods: Methods of detection used were based on polymerase chain reaction(PCR) including PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP), allele specific-PCR (AS-PCR) and multiple-PCR to identify the polymorphisms of CYP1A1 6235T/C, CYP1A2 734C/A, CYP2E1 -1259G/C, CYP2E1 -1019C/T, GSTM1 and T1 null type, NAT1 and NAT2 alleles among 140 cases and 343 cancer-free controls.

Results: The allele frequencies of CYP1A1 6235C, CYP1A2 734A, CYP2E1 -1259C, CYP2E1 -1019T, GSTM1 and T1 null type, NAT1* 10 and NAT2 Mx (x = 1,2,3) alleles were 31.

The association of the DNA repair gene XRCC3 Thr241Met polymorphism with susceptibility to colorectal cancer in a Chinese population.

Growing evidence suggests that the Thr241Met (T241M) polymorphism in the homologous recombination repair gene XRCC3 may alter DNA repair capacity and subsequent susceptibility to carcinogens. In a few studies of colorectal cancer (CRC), however, the results have been discrepant. A population-based nested case-control study including 140 cases and 280 cancer-free controls was conducted to evaluate the effect of XRCC3 polymorphism, environmental exposure, and family history (FH) on the risk of CRC.

[Associations between genetic polymorphisms of glutathione S-transferase M1 and T1, smoking and susceptibility to colorectal cancer: a case-control study].

Objective: To evaluate the associations between genetic polymorphisms of glutathione S-transferase M1 and T1 (GSTM1 and GSTT1), smoking and susceptibility to colorectal cancer.

Methods: A case-control study of 126 patients and 343 healthy controls was conducted to investigate the role of GSTM1 and GSTT1 polymorphisms in colorectal cancer. Genotypes of GSTM1 and GSTT1 polymorphisms were analyzed by multiplex allele-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR).

[Alcohol drinking and colorectal cancer: a population-based prospective cohort study].

Objective: To understand the incidence of colorectal cancer in population drinking or not and to validate the relationship between drinking and colorectal cancer.

Methods: The data obtained from a questionnaire used in a population-based prospective screenings study in ten countries of Jiashan County was examined. A total of 64,102 men and women aged 30 y and older without history of cancer at baseline and a subcohort of 29,044 of them drinking past and current was conducted.

[A case-control study on the polymorphisms of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductases, drinking interaction and susceptibility in colorectal cancer].

Objective: To investigate the relationship between methylenetetrahydrofolate reductases (MTHFR) polymorphisms and colorectal cancer susceptibility.

Methods: A case-control study of 126 patients and 343 healthy controls was conducted to investigate the roles of MTHFR C677T and A1298C polymorphisms in colorectal cancer development. Genotypes of C677T and A1298C polymorphisms were analyzed by polymerase chain resction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) methods.