Lactate-driven macrophage polarization in the inflammatory microenvironment alleviates intestinal inflammation.

Background: Lactate has long been considered an intermediate by-product of glucose metabolism. However, in recent years, accumulating evidence reveals that lactate has unique biological activities. In previous studies, lactate signaling was shown to inhibit inflammation.

Lactic acid in macrophage polarization: The significant role in inflammation and cancer.

Metabolite lactic acid has always been regarded as a metabolic by-product rather than a bioactive molecule. Recently, this view has changed since it was discovered that lactic acid can be used as a signal molecule and has novel signal transduction functions both intracellular and extracellular, which can regulate key functions in the immune system. In recent years, more and more evidence has shown that lactic acid is closely related to the metabolism and polarization of macrophages.

Zizyphus jujuba cv. Muzao polysaccharides enhance intestinal barrier function and improve the survival of septic mice.

This study aimed to examine the role of Zizyphus jujuba cv. Muzao polysaccharides (ZJPs) in protecting intestinal barrier function and the survival of septic mice. The sepsis mouse model was generated through cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) to observe the effect of ZJPs on the function of the intestinal barrier in the context of sepsis.

Crystal structure of 7-isopropyl-1,4a,N-trimethyl-1,2,3,4,4a,4b,5,6,7,8,10,10a-dodeca-hydro-phenanthrene-1-carb-ox-amide.

In the title compound, C26H37NO, a new derivative of di-hydro-abietic acid, the two cyclo-hexene rings adopt half chair conformations, whereas the cyclo-hexane ring has a chair conformation. Each of the methyl groups is in an axial position with respect to the tricyclic hydro-phenanthrene residue. In the crystal packing, methyl-ene-C-H⋯π(phen-yl) inter-actions lead to supra-molecular helical chains along [010]; the amide-H atom does not form a significant inter-molecular inter-action owing to steric pressure.