[NR2B-pERK1/2-pElk-1 signaling contributes to the avoidance learning and memory of rats].

Aim: To investigate whether NR2B-pERK1/2-pElk-1 signaling contributes to the Y-maze learning and memory of rat brain.

Methods: 45 adult male SD rats were divided into 4 groups: (1) Ifenprodil peritoneal injection group (Ifenprodil ip, n = 14); (2) DMSO peritoneal injection group(DMSO ip, n = 15); (3) Ifenprodil cerebral ventricle injection group (Ifenprodil ic, n = 8); (4) DMSO cerebral ventricle injection group(DMSO ic, n = 8). Y-maze training and test were used as an learning and memory enhancing stimulus.

Expression of c-fos and c-jun proteins in the marginal division of the rat striatum during learning and memory training.

Background: A new brain region, the marginal division (MrD), was discovered at the caudal margin of the neostriatum. The MrD was shown to be involved in learning and memory in the rat. The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of the immediate-early genes c-fos and c-jun in the MrD of the striatum during learning and memory processes in the rat, immunocytochemical and Western blot methods were used to examine Y-maze trained rats.

[Clinical analysis of the relationship between injury of the marginal division and cognitive impairment].

Objective: To investigate the relationship between injury in the marginal division (MrD) of the striatum and the cognitive impairment.

Methods: Twenty patients with injury in the MrD of the striatum were examined routinely by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Cognitive tests of each patient were performed and the results evaluated against their MRI findings.

Hippocampal long-term potentiation attenuated by lesions in the marginal division of neostriatum.

The marginal division (MrD) is a spindled-neurons consisted zone at the caudal border of the neostriatum in the mammalian brain and has been verified as contributing to associative learning and declarative memory in the rat and human with behavior and functional magnetic resonance imaging methods. It was proved to have functional connections with the limbic system. Whether the MrD has influence on the hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP) was investigated in this study.

New component of the limbic system: Marginal division of the neostriatum that links the limbic system to the basal nucleus of Meynert.

The limbic system refers to a group of connected neural regions that are associated with motivation, learning, and memory. The marginal division (MrD) is a zone located at the caudal border of the neostriatum in mammalian brains that has been shown to be involved in learning and memory. In a previous study, c-fos expression showed functional connections between the MrD, basal nucleus of Meynert (NBM) and limbic system (Shu et al.

Interactions among memory-related centers in the brain.

The structures associated with learning and memory have been widely studied for over 100 years. The idea of the famous neuropsychologist K.S.

[Role of the marginal division of human neostriatum in working memory capacity for numbers received through hearing: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study].

Objective: With the help with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) technique, we aim to clarify whether the marginal division of the striatum (MrD) is involved in the working memory function of human brain for remembering numbers received through hearing.

Methods: Thirteen healthy volunteers were instructed to undertake both a working memory task, in which the subjects were asked to remember as many numbers read to them as possible, and a non-working memory control task, in which the subjects were not asked to remember the numbers. FMRI of the brain was performed in the 2 groups while the tests were being carried out separately, and the activity of the brain regions was compared between these 2 tasks.

[Expression of gamma-amino butyric acid and its receptor in the marginal division of rat striatum].

Objective: To investigate the expression of the inhibitory amino acid gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and its receptor GABAR (B1) mRNA in the marginal division of rat striatum.

Methods: The expression of GABA and its receptor GABAR (B1) mRNA was studied by way of immunocytochemistry and molecular in situ hybridization method.

Results: Dense GABA-positive immunoreactive fibers and a few positive cells were found in the marginal division of the rat striatum, along with glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD)-positive fibers and cell bodies.

Immunocytochemical study of the marginal division in human striatum.

OBJECTIVE: To demonstrate the existence of the marginal division in human stritum. METHODS: The cytoar-chitecture and distribution of the neurotransmitters in human fetal striatum were studied using Nissl staining and immuno-cytochemistry. RESULTS: In the sections with Nissl staining, a distinct fusiform cell zone was observed between the putamen and the globus pallidus of the human striatum.

[Hemorrhage in the medial areas of bilateral putamens causing deficiency of memory and calculation: report of one case].

Bilateral cerebral hemorrhages in the medial areas of bilateral putamens that impair the memory and calculation abilities are rare clinical entities. In the case presently reported, the patient suffered initial cerebral hemorrhage 3 years ago in the medial area of putamen on the right side with light left paralysis but the learning and memory functions were intact. A recent cerebral hemorrhage on the left side leaving mild paralysis of the right upper limb, however, had caused considerable loss of his recent memory and calculation ability.

[Expression of immediate-early genes c-fos and c-jun in the marginal division of striatum during learning and memory].

Objective: To study the expression of immediate-early genes c-fos and c-jun in the marginal division (MrD) of rat striatum during learning and memory.

Methods: After Y-maze training in rats, the expression of immediate-early genes c-fos and c-jun in the MrD was investigated immunocytochemically.

Results: After 1 h of Y- maze training, the expression of c-Fos and c-Jun proteins was significantly enhanced in the MrD, where c-Jun protein in particular was more intensely expressed than in other parts of the striatum.

[Effects of kainic acid that damages the marginal division of rat striatum on hippocampal long-term potentiation].

Objective: To investigate the relationship between the marginal division (MrD) of the striatum and other brain regions associated with learning and memory.

Methods: Long-term potentiation (LTP) was induced by high-frequency stimulation of the perforant path-dentate gyrus, and changes in hippocampal LTP after destruction of the marginal division with kainic acid were observed.

Results: High-frequency stimulation of the perforant path produced significant increases in the peak amplitudes of the population spike (PS) in normal rats and those receiving saline treatment.

[Distribution of substance P and its receptor in the marginal division of rat striatum and its association with the function of learning and memory].

Objective: To investigate the distribution of the substance P (SP) and its receptor in the marginal division (MrD) of rat striatum and to understand the relationship between SP and the learning and memory function of rats.

Methods: Using immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization techniques, the distribution of SP and its receptor in the MrD was studied, and the relationship between the SP and learning and memory of the MrD was observed by means of SP receptor gene knockout in combination with Y-maze test.

Results: Numerous SP immunopositive fibers and large quantities of SP receptor protein and NK1 mRNA were identified in the MrD of rat striatum.

[Effects of hypoxia on AChE and NADPH-d levels in the marginal division and learning and memory functions of rats].

Objective: To observe the pathological changes and changes in acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-diaphorase (NADPH-d) levels in the marginal division (MrD) following hypoxia, and explore the relation of hypoxia to damages of learning and memory functions.

Methods: Hypoxia models were established in 40 SD rats by treatment with the mixture of 8% oxygen and 92% nitrogen 5 times daily for 5 consecutive days, and the sham-hypoxia group was constituted by 10 rats receiving normal oxygen supply in the same manner as above. Another 10 untreated rats were used as normal control.

[Research progress in the structure and functions of the marginal division in the striatum].

In the year 1987, we discovered a new area in the striatum that was subsequently designated as the marginal division according to the location where it situates. More than 10 years of systemic study has yielded substantial knowledge of the unique structure of this new region, and it has come to light that the marginal division is predominantly associated with learning and memory functions, as have been recognized by researchers either nation-wide or world-wide. Further study of the marginal division may have potential significance in efforts to promote human intelligence and in contriving means for prevention of Alzheimer's disease.

[Functional connection between the marginal division and hippocampus in rats].

Objective: To investigate the functional connection between the marginal division of the striatum and hippocampus, a brain region that play a vital role in learning and memory.

Methods: Morphological localization of functional activity of the nervous system was employed. Kainic acid (0.

Differential display analysis of gene expression in the hippocampus, marginal division and other related brain areas: a preliminary study.

Objective: To investigate the difference in the expression profiles in the hippocampus, marginal division and other related brain areas for identification of genes specific to the hippocampus and marginal division.

Methods: Fetal hippocampus, marginal division, caudate putamen and amygdala were obtained and mRNA differential display technique was employed to study the gene expression in the 4 brain areas.

Results: Two differentially expressed fragments were isolated from each of the hippocampus and marginal division, and cloning and sequence analysis of one of the fragment 277 bp in length from the hippocampus showed total homology with the sequence of human clone AC0049.