Serial Passaging of Seasonal H3N2 Influenza A/Singapore/G2-31.1/2014 Virus in MDCK-SIAT1 Cells and Primary Chick Embryo Cells Generates HA D457G Mutation and Other Variants in HA, NA, PB1, PB1-F2, and NS1.

Influenza remains one of the most prevalent viruses circulating amongst humans and has resulted in several pandemics. The prevention and control of H3N2 influenza is complicated by its propensity for evolution, which leads to vaccine mismatch and reduced vaccine efficacies. This study employed the strategy of serial passaging to compare the evolution of the human seasonal influenza strain A/Singapore/G2-31.