The breath shape controls intonation of mouse vocalizations.

Intonation in speech is the control of vocal pitch to layer expressive meaning to communication, like increasing pitch to indicate a question. Also, stereotyped patterns of pitch are used to create distinct sounds with different denotations, like in tonal languages and, perhaps, the 10 sounds in the murine lexicon. A basic tone is created by exhalation through a constricted laryngeal voice box, and it is thought that more complex utterances are produced solely by dynamic changes in laryngeal tension.

miR-222 inhibits pathological cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure.

Aims: Physiological cardiac hypertrophy occurs in response to exercise and can protect against pathological stress. In contrast, pathological hypertrophy occurs in disease and often precedes heart failure. The cardiac pathways activated in physiological and pathological hypertrophy are largely distinct.

The breath shape controls intonation of mouse vocalizations.

Intonation in speech is the control of vocal pitch to layer expressive meaning to communication, like increasing pitch to indicate a question. Also, stereotyped patterns of pitch are used to create distinct sounds with different denotations, like in tonal languages and, perhaps, the ten sounds in the murine lexicon. A basic tone is created by exhalation through a constricted laryngeal voice box, and it is thought that more complex utterances are produced solely by dynamic changes in laryngeal tension.

A novel reticular node in the brainstem synchronizes neonatal mouse crying with breathing.

Human speech can be divided into short, rhythmically timed elements, similar to syllables within words. Even our cries and laughs, as well as the vocalizations of other species, are periodic. However, the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the tempo of mammalian vocalizations remain unknown.

Brain Camp: A Summer Pipeline Program to Increase Diversity in Neurosciences.

Background: Despite calls to increase diversity in the health care workforce, most medical fields including neurology have seen minimal advances, owing in part to the lack of developing a robust pipeline for trainees from underrepresented backgrounds. We sought to create an immersive, replicable neurology-themed summer camp and longitudinal mentorship program for underrepresented-in-medicine (URM) high-school students to encourage them to enter the training pipeline in neuroscience-related fields.

Methods: We established an annual, no-cost 1-week camp for local URM students with the goals of exposing them to different health care professions within neuroscience while providing them with college application resources and long-term mentorship.

ß-arrestin 2 germline knockout does not attenuate opioid respiratory depression.

Opioids are perhaps the most effective analgesics in medicine. However, between 1999 and 2018, over 400,000 people in the United States died from opioid overdose. Excessive opioids make breathing lethally slow and shallow, a side-effect called opioid-induced respiratory depression.

Opioids depress breathing through two small brainstem sites.

The rates of opioid overdose in the United States quadrupled between 1999 and 2017, reaching a staggering 130 deaths per day. This health epidemic demands innovative solutions that require uncovering the key brain areas and cell types mediating the cause of overdose- opioid-induced respiratory depression. Here, we identify two primary changes to murine breathing after administering opioids.