Selective hydrolysis of α-oxo ketene ,-acetals in water: switchable aqueous synthesis of β-keto thioesters and β-keto amides.

An eco-friendly selective hydrolysis of chain α-oxo ketene ,-acetals in water for the switchable synthesis of β-keto thioesters and β-keto amides is reported. In refluxing water, the hydrolysis reactions of α-oxo ketene ,-acetals in the presence of 1.0 equiv of dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid effectively afforded β-keto thioesters in excellent yield, while β-keto amides were successfully obtained in excellent yield when the hydrolysis reactions were carried out in the presence of 3.

Identification of an avirulence gene, avrxa5, from the rice pathogen Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae.

Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae, the causal agent of bacterial blight in rice, interacts with rice plants in a gene-for-gene manner. The specificity of the interaction is dictated by avirulence (avr) genes in the pathogen and resistance (R) genes in the host.