Separation effect of early visual cortex V1 under different crowding conditions: a transcranial magnetic stimulation study.

The visual crowding makes it difficult to identify the patterns in peripheral vision, but the neural mechanism for this phenomenon is still unclear because of different opinions. To study the separation effect of early visual cortex V1 under different crowding conditions, single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is applied within the right V1. The experimental design includes two factors: TMS intensity (10%, 65%, and 90% of the phosphene threshold) and crowding conditions (high and low).

Hole superiority effect with 3D figures formed by binocular disparity.

The global-first theory of topological perception claims that topological perception is prior to the perception of local features (e.g., Chen, 1982, 2005).