CLK2 mediates IκBα-independent early termination of NF-κB activation by inducing cytoplasmic redistribution and degradation.

Activation of the NF-κB pathway is strictly regulated to prevent excessive inflammatory and immune responses. In a well-known negative feedback model, IκBα-dependent NF-κB termination is a delayed response pattern in the later stage of activation, and the mechanisms mediating the rapid termination of active NF-κB remain unclear. Here, we showed IκBα-independent rapid termination of nuclear NF-κB mediated by CLK2, which negatively regulated active NF-κB by phosphorylating the RelA/p65 subunit of NF-κB at Ser180 in the nucleus to limit its transcriptional activation through degradation and nuclear export.

Insights into water freezing from classical nucleation theory.

Water freezing is a crucial physical phenomenon. The process of ice formation, and the estimation of the ice nucleation rate also have important applications. However, until now, the experimental phenomenon of rapid freezing of water in nanoseconds has not been fully explained theoretically, and the physics underlying the experimental phenomenon has still not been revealed.

Phosphorylation of MAVS/VISA by Nemo-like kinase (NLK) for degradation regulates the antiviral innate immune response.

MAVS is essential for antiviral immunity, but the molecular mechanisms responsible for its tight regulation remain poorly understood. Here, we show that NLK inhibits the antiviral immune response during viral infection by targeting MAVS for degradation. NLK depletion promotes virus-induced antiviral cytokine production and decreases viral replication, which is potently rescued by the reintroduction of NLK.

Assessment of Pain Associated with the Injection of Sodium Pentobarbital in Laboratory Mice ().

The considers injection of barbiturates to be an acceptable method of euthanasia in rodents but states there is a potential for pain when administered intraperitoneally. This study examined the potential for pain in mice by assessing visceral pain after intraperitoneal administration and acute pain by using a paw-lick test. Male and female mice ( = 160) intraperitoneally received a euthanizing dose of sodium pentobarbital at a concentration of 5, 50, or 390 mg/mL and were observed for writhing, peritoneum-directed behaviors (PDB), loss of righting reflex, and time to death.

[Experimental study on prevention of diabetes complicated with tuberculosis by Mycobacterium vaccae].

Objective: To study if Mycobacterium vaccae has any effect in prevention of rats with diabetes from tuberculosis.

Methods: Wistar rats with diabetes which were produced by injection of streptozotocin one week before were divided into four groups. Mycobacterium vaccae was injected into Wistar rats with diabetes and one month later H(37)R(v) was injected intravenously.