On August 8, 2017, a magnitude Mw6.5 (Ms7.0) earthquake occurred in Jiuzhaigou County, Aba Prefecture, in the northern part of Sichuan Province, China, with a focal depth of 20 km and an epicenter located at (33.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFIntroduction: This paper focuses on the expression and role of FcγRIIb in neuroinflammation, exploring the molecular mechanisms by which FcγRIIb interacts with the bridging protein DAP12 to regulate the PI3K-AKT signaling pathway that promote neuroinflammation and aggravate neuronal injury.
Methods: LPS-induced neuroinflammation models in vivo and in vitro were constructed to explore the role and mechanism of FcγRIIb in CNS inflammation. Subsequently, FcγRIIb was knocked down or overexpressed to observe the activation of BV2 cell and the effect on PI3K-AKT pathway.
Human T cells and natural killer (NK) cells are major effector cells of innate immunity exerting potential immune surveillance against tuberculosis infection. CD226 is an activating receptor playing vital roles in the functions of T cells and NK cells during HIV infection and tumorigenesis. However, CD226 is a less-studied activating receptor during Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFThis study aimed to develop the Social Media Engagement Scale for Adolescents (SMES-A), and evaluate its reliability and validity. The initial items were collected via open-ended questions, a literature review, and suggestions from psychological experts. A total valid sample of 2519 adolescents participated in this study.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFIn Burkitt lymphoma (BL), a chromosomal translocation by which the MYC gene is fused to an immunoglobulin (Ig) gene locus is frequently found. The translocated MYC gene is overexpressed, which is the major driver of BL tumorigenesis. Studies have shown that Ig enhancers are essential for MYC overexpression, but the involved mechanisms are not fully understood.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFPsychol Health Med
September 2019
The aim of this meta-analysis was to compare sleep outcomes of AS patients and controls. Six electronic databases were searched: PubMed, Embase, IndMed, Cochrane Library, CNKI and Web of Science. Statistical analyses were executed using Revman 5.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFThe rearrangement and expression of immunoglobulin genes are regulated by enhancers and their binding transcriptional factors that activate or suppress the activities of the enhancers. The immunoglobulin κ (Igκ) gene locus has three important enhancers: the intrinsic enhancer (Ei), 3' enhancer (E3'), and distal enhancer (Ed). Ei and E3' are both required for Igκ gene rearrangement during early stages of B-cell development, whereas optimal expression of the rearranged Igκ gene relies on both E3' and Ed.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFEndotoxin tolerance is an immunohomeostatic reaction to reiterant lipopolysaccharide (LPS) exposure that maintains a state of altered responsiveness in immune cells, resulting in the inhibition of the pro-inflammatory response and the resolution of inflammation. Microglia constitutes the first line of defense against endogenous and external challenges in the brain. MicroRNAs (miRs) serve a critical function in the regulation of inflammation.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFMacrophages play critical roles in inflammatory initiation, development, resolution and cardiac regeneration of myocarditis. However, Reg3β, as a member of regenerating family of proteins, contributes to dedifferentiation of injury cardiomyocytes as well as cardiac function remodeling. It remains unclear whether Reg3β was associated with macrophages reprogramming during autoimmune myocarditis.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFThe high-mobility group box-1 (HMGB1), as a highly conserved ubiquitous DNA-binding protein, has been widely studied in various diseases, including inflammation and tumor; however, fewer studies were focused on the mechanisms controlling HMGB1 release compared with the function of HMGB1. Previous studies have proven that ANG II can act as a pro-inflammatory cytokine, both of HMGB1 and ANG II were significantly upregulated in autoimmune diseases; however, the exact role of ANG II in regulating HMGB1 release have not been shown. The present study was to define the effects of ANG II on macrophages and the possible mechanisms in controlling HMGB1 release.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFHigh-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), an important inflammatory factor, plays significant roles in CD4T cell differentiation, cancer and autoimmune disease development. Our previous data have demonstrated that HMGB1 contributes to macrophage reprogramming and is involved in experimental autoimmune myocarditis (EAM) development. In contrast to the well-explored function of HMGB1, little is known about the nuclear function.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFMycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) invading and activating microglia causes the most serious subtypes of tuberculosis called tubercular meningitis. However, the developmental process of tubercular meningitis, especially the early phase, is poorly understood due to lacking well-established and well-accepted visible models in vitro and in vivo.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFMacrophage, a highly plastic population, is widely distributed. Macrophage functions are settled and acquired polarization programs in response to microenvironmental signals and involved in many inflammatory disorders, such as experimental autoimmune myocarditis (EAM). Phenotypic and functional changes in macrophage are considered as an important determinant of disease progression and/or regression.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFActa Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai)
March 2017
Previous studies have revealed that bone marrow-mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) from systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients exhibited early signs of senescence, which may participate in the development of SLE. However, the molecular mechanisms about this phenomenon have not been fully elucidated. In the current study, we aimed to investigate whether Janus kinase (JAK)-signaling transducers and activators of transcription (STAT) signaling mediated the senescence of BM-MSCs from SLE patients.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFCell Mol Neurobiol
November 2016
Increasing evidence indicates that endotoxin tolerance is an essential immune-homeostatic response to repeated exposure to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) that induces a state of altered responsiveness in macrophage, resulting in repression of pro-inflammatory gene expression and increased expression of factors that mediate the resolution of inflammation. In this study, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blot for M1 and M2 markers were performed to characterize phenotypic changes of BV2 microglia. We found that the cytokine and chemokine expression during endotoxin tolerance were mostly similar to those found during M2 polarization.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFHS1-associated protein X-1 (HAX-1) is an important marker in many types of cancers and contributes to cancer progression and metastasis. We examined the expression of HAX-1 in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) and experimentally manipulated its expression. We observed that HAX-1 expression is elevated in NPC and is correlated with lymph node metastasis, M classification, clinical stage, and poor prognosis.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFCentral nervous system tuberculosis (CNS-TB) is caused by infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). The inflammatory response following CNS-TB involves the activation of resident microglia and the infiltration of macrophages. However, it has not been clarified whether microglia can be polarized into the classically activated proinflammatory M1 phenotype or the alternatively activated anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype after Mtb infection.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFSrc-suppressed C kinase substrate (SSeCKS), an in vivo and in vitro protein kinase C substrate, is a major lipopolysaccharide (LPS) response protein which markedly upregulated in several organs, including brain, lung, heart, kidney etc., indicating a possible role of SSeCKS in inflammatory process. However, the expression and biological function of SSeCKS during neuronal inflammation remains to be elucidated, so we established an inflammatory model injected with LPS to investigate the gene expression patterns of SSeCKS in neural tissues by using TaqMan quantitative real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry in rat.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFDominant-negative mutants of class II transactivator (mCIITAs) with N-terminal depletion have been used to repress the transcription of class II genes in xenotransplantation. Here, we report that mCIITA overexpressing myeloid cell line Ana-1 (Ana-1-mCIITA) derived from a C57BL/6 mouse was able to down-regulate the MHC class II expression and reverse immune responses from Th1 (IL-2(+)IFN-γ(+)STAT4(+)) to Th2 (IL-4(+)IL-5(+)IL-10(+)IL-13(+)STAT6(+)) when cocultured with T cells. Mechanism analysis indicated that the mCIITA protein is able to initiate a NOD-like receptor-related signaling pathway via binding of the cytoplasmic Nod2 protein, which was followed by activating RIP2, caspase 1, and IKK-α/β.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFLipopolysaccharide (LPS) is recognized by Toll-like receptor 4 and activates mitogen-activated protein kinase, which leads to the induction of proinflammatory cytokine gene expression. In vivo, Schwann cells (SCs) at the site of injury may also produce tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). However, the precise mechanism that regulates TNF-α synthesis is still not clear.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFThe nature and differentiation of regulatory CD8(+)CD28(-) T cells are poorly understood. In this study, we demonstrate that native Ag trichosanthin (Tk), a highly purified linear peptide isolated from a Chinese medicinal herb, is able to induce strong suppression of OVA-specific lymphoproliferation at low concentrations via activation of IL-4/IL-10-secreting CD8(+)CD28(-) regulatory T cells (Tregs). To elucidate the underlying mechanisms, we firstly identified two types of mouse inbred strains, high susceptible (HS) and low susceptible, for the Tk-related suppression.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFGlycosylation is one of the most important post-translational modifications. It is clear that the single step of beta-1,4-galactosylation is performed by a family of beta-1,4-galactosyltransferases (beta-1,4-GalTs), and that each member of this family may play a distinct role in different tissues and cells. beta-1,4-GalT I and V are involved in the biosynthesis of N-linked oligosaccharides.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFObjective: To investigate the expression and relationship of p27(kip1) and its related molecules Jab1 and CRM1 during proliferation of lymphoma cells U937.
Methods: U937 cells were treated with serum starvation and release, and the effects of these treatments on the cell growth was tested with cell number counting. The expression and localization of p27(kip1), Jab1 and CRM1 in U937 cells were detected by Western blot, double immunolabelling and laser scanning confocal microscopy.
In the peripheral nervous system (PNS), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) derived from activated Schwann cells (SCs) play a critical role as a pleiotropic mediator. In this study, we examined the function of TNF-alpha as an inflammatory mediator in SCs activation. TNF-alpha exhibits its biological effect through two distinct surface receptors, TNF receptor 1 (TNFR1) and TNFR2.
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