Effects of elicitors from culture filtrate of CL105 on flavonoid production of s calli.

Introduction: Endophytic fungi can promote secondary metabolite accumulation in medicinal plants. Previously, we observed that the culture filtrate of CL105 promoted flavonoid production in calli. However, the active ingredients and mechanisms associated with this secondary metabolite accumulation remain unclear.

Features of Metabolite Changes in Disease Evolution in Cholecystolithiasis.

Background: Cholecystolithiasis is defined as a disease caused by complex and changeable factors. Advanced age, female sex, and a hypercaloric diet rich in carbohydrates and poor in fiber, together with obesity and genetic factors, are the main factors that may predispose people to choledocholithiasis. However, serum biomarkers for the rapid diagnosis of choledocholithiasis remain unclear.

[Screening and molecular identification of endophytic fungi promoting accumulation of flavonoids in callus of Scutellaria baicalensis].

To screen and identify the endophytic fungal strains that could promote the accumulation of flavonoids in the callus of Scutellaria baicalensis. Seventeen endophytic fungal strains from S. baicalensis were used to prepare mycelium elicitors and fermentation broth elicitors.

The cultivable endophytic fungal community of : diversity and relevance to flavonoid production by the host.

(), a traditional Chinese medicinal plant, is widely used because of its important pharmacological activities. However, the endophytic fungi that promote flavonoid accumulation in remain unclear. Therefore, we analyzed the endophytic fungal community of and screened the endophytic fungi that might promote flavonoid synthesis in .

Ghrelin protects rats against traumatic brain injury and hemorrhagic shock through upregulation of UCP2.

Objective: To determine the mechanism responsible for ghrelin's neuroprotective effects after traumatic brain injury (TBI) and hemorrhagic shock.

Background: Ghrelin, a gastrointestinal hormone, has been demonstrated to possess multiple functions, including upregulation of uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2) and stimulation of the vagus nerve. Recent evidence has indicated that ghrelin is neuroprotective.

Ghrelin attenuates brain injury after traumatic brain injury and uncontrolled hemorrhagic shock in rats.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) and hemorrhagic shock often occur concomitantly due to multiple injuries. Gastrointestinal dysfunction occurs frequently in patients with TBI. However, whether alterations in the gastrointestinal system are involved in modulating neuronal damage and recovery after TBI is largely neglected.

Vasoactive hormone adrenomedullin and its binding protein: anti-inflammatory effects by up-regulating peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma.

Sepsis is a critical inflammatory condition from which numerous patients die due to multiple organ failure and septic shock. The vasoactive hormone adrenomedullin (AM) and its binding protein (AMBP-1) are beneficial in sepsis by abrogating the progression to irreversible shock and decreasing proinflammatory cytokine release. To investigate the anti-inflammatory mechanism, we studied to determine the effect of the AM/AMBP-1 complex on peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-gamma) expression and activation by using RAW264.

Ghrelin down-regulates proinflammatory cytokines in sepsis through activation of the vagus nerve.

Objective: To test the hypothesis that administration of ghrelin attenuates inflammatory responses in sepsis through vagal nerve stimulation.

Summary Background Data: Ghrelin has been demonstrated to possess multiple functions, including stimulation of the vagus nerve. Our recent study has shown that plasma levels of ghrelin were significantly reduced in sepsis; and ghrelin administration improved organ perfusion and function.

Adrenomedullin and adrenomedullin-binding protein-1 downregulate inflammatory cytokines and attenuate tissue injury after gut ischemia-reperfusion.

Background: Recent studies have shown that adrenomedullin (AM) and AM-binding protein-1 (AMBP-1) possess anti-inflammatory properties in sepsis. We hypothesized that administration of AM/AMBP-1 after gut ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) downregulates inflammatory cytokines and attenuates tissue injury.

Methods: Male Sprague-Dawley rats (275-325 g) were used.

Suppression of hepatocyte CYP1A2 expression by Kupffer cells via AhR pathway: the central role of proinflammatory cytokines.

The hepatic cytochrome P-450 (CYP) enzyme system provides a major aspect of liver function, yet alterations of CYP in sepsis remain largely unknown. Although we have recently shown that CYP1A2, one of the major isoforms of CYP in rats, is downregulated in sepsis, the underlying mechanism and possible therapeutic approaches warrant further investigation. The aim of this study was to determine whether Kupffer cells (KCs) play any role in suppressing CYP1A2 in the hepatocytes (HCs) and if so, how to modulate CYP1A2 expression in sepsis.

The anti-inflammatory effect of curcumin in an experimental model of sepsis is mediated by up-regulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma.

Objective: Although phytochemical curcumin has been shown to possess anti-inflammatory properties, it remains unknown whether this agent has any beneficial effects in sepsis. The purpose of this study was to demonstrate whether curcumin protects septic animals and, if so, whether activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-gamma, an anti-inflammatory nuclear receptor, plays any role.

Design: Prospective, controlled, and randomized animal study.

Ghrelin improves tissue perfusion in severe sepsis via downregulation of endothelin-1.

Objectives: Severe sepsis is associated with increased total peripheral resistance (TPR) and decreased organ blood flow, in which endothelin-1 (ET-1) plays an important role. Plasma levels of ghrelin, a newly-identified endogenous ligand for growth hormone secretagogue receptor and a potent vasodilatory peptide, are significantly reduced in sepsis. Ghrelin downregulation heralds the hypodynamic response in severe sepsis.

Mechanisms responsible for vascular hyporesponsiveness to adrenomedullin after hemorrhage: the central role of adrenomedullin binding protein-1.

Objective: Irreversible hypovolemia remains a major clinical problem. Preliminary studies indicate that administration of adrenomedullin and adrenomedullin binding protein-1 in combination (AM/AMBP-1) after hemorrhage, improves cardiovascular function despite the increased levels of AM. Our aim was to determine whether vascular responsiveness to AM is reduced after hemorrhage and, if so, to elucidate the possible mechanism responsible for such hyporesponsiveness.

Adrenomedullin and its binding protein attenuate the proinflammatory response after hemorrhage.

Objective: The neuroendocrine response to hemorrhage is to maintain perfusion to the heart and brain, often at the expense of other organ systems. Systemic inflammation and tissue injury are important components of pathophysiologic consequences of hemorrhage. We have recently shown that administration of adrenomedullin (AM, a potent vasodilator peptide) and adrenomedullin binding protein-1 (AMBP-1) prevented the transition from the hyperdynamic to the hypodynamic stage in the progression of sepsis.

A novel approach to maintaining cardiovascular stability after hemorrhagic shock: beneficial effects of adrenomedullin and its binding protein.

Background: Vascular responsiveness to adrenomedullin (AM), a recently discovered vasodilator peptide, is depressed after hemorrhage and resuscitation. Downregulation of AM binding protein-1 (ie, AMBP-1) appears to be responsible for this hyporesponsiveness. Therefore, we hypothesize that administration of AM/AMBP-1 improves cardiovascular responses after hemorrhagic shock and resuscitation.

Delayed administration of human inter-alpha inhibitor proteins reduces mortality in sepsis.

Objective: We have recently shown that administration of human inter-alpha inhibitor proteins (IalphaIp) very early after the onset of sepsis maintains cardiovascular stability and reduced mortality. However, it remains unknown whether injection of IalphaIp at later time points of sepsis has any beneficial effects. We therefore hypothesized that IalphaIp and its active component bikunin are reduced in sepsis and that the delayed administration of IalphaIp also improves survival rate.

Differential expression of cytochrome P450 isoforms in the lungs of septic animals.

Objective: Sepsis is characterized by an early, hyperdynamic phase and a late, hypodynamic phase. Although studies have shown that cytochrome P450 (CYP) plays an important role in the regulation of vascular reactivity, alterations of vascular CYP isoforms in sepsis remain unknown. Since CYP2C11 and CYP2J4 convert arachidonic acid to vasodilative epoxyeicosatrienoic acids, and CYP4A3 metabolizes arachidonic acid to both epoxyeicosatrienoic acids and vasoconstrictive 19,20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, the aim of this study was to examine the expression of these isoforms in sepsis and their association with hemodynamic changes.

Upregulation of cardiovascular ghrelin receptor occurs in the hyperdynamic phase of sepsis.

Ghrelin, a newly identified endogenous ligand for growth hormone secretagogue receptor 1a (GHSR-1a, i.e., ghrelin receptor), was recently demonstrated to be a potent vasoactive peptide.

Ghrelin clearance is reduced at the late stage of polymicrobial sepsis.

The cardiovascular response to sepsis is characterized by an early, hyperdynamic phase followed by a late, hypodynamic phase. Ghrelin, a newly-identified endogenous ligand for growth hormone secretagogue receptor (i.e.