Celiac vagus nerve mediates expression of the acetylcholine receptor α7nAChR on monocytes in the spleen.

The spleen is required for the vagal cholinergic anti-inflammatory activity to maintain systemic immune homeostasis, but the underlying mechanism of this function is not fully understood yet. We hypothesized that vagus nerve mediates alpha 7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7nAChR) expression in monocytes, an essential regulator of cholinergic anti-inflammatory activity, and the spleen is essential site for this process. To verify this hypothesis, mice were subjected to splenectomy or celiac vagotomy.

"Dual-functional" strontium titanate nanotubes designed based on fusion peptides simultaneously enhancing anti-infection and osseointegration.

Currently, there is an increasing clinical demand for implants that effectively resist bacterial infections while promoting osseointegration. In this study, the fusion peptide technology was used to linearly fuse the antimicrobial peptide (AMP, HHC36) and the bone-promoting peptide (RGD), so that the titanium (Ti)-based implant modified by the polypeptide had the dual function of "antibacterial-promoting bone". Firstly, self-organized vertically-oriented strontium-doped titanium dioxide nanotubes (STN) were manufactured by anodizing and hydrothermal synthesis methods.

Mechanism of protection from insulin resistance by toll-like receptor 2 deficiency in high-fat diet fed mice: involvement in macrophage polarization.

Background: Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) deficiency can increase insulin sensitivity and improves glucose tolerance. However, it is not yet fully understood about its underlying mechanism. The regulation of M1/M2 macrophage polarization has been verified to involve in insulin resistance.

Novel Insight into the Mechanism of Metabolic Surgery Causing the Diversity in Glycemic Status in Type 2 Diabetes.

Metabolic surgery results in diverse glycemic status in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D), including hyperglycemia without remission, significant amelioration of hyperglycemia with partial remission, complete restoration of euglycemia, or with prolonged remission, hyperglycemia recurrence in relapses after remission, or post-bariatric hypoglycemia. Unfortunately, it is not known how metabolic surgery leads to this diverse consequence. Here, we discuss the diversity of glycemic status associated with metabolic surgery and the potential mechanisms of T2D remission.

Generation of Heteroaryl-Substituted Sulfonyl Compounds from Sulfur Dioxide via Remote Heteroaryl -Migration.

The generation of heteroaryl-substituted sulfonyl compounds via a catalyst-, base-, and additive-free three-component reaction of heteroaryl-substituted tertiary alcohols, aryldiazonium tetrafluoroborates, and DABCO·(SO) under mild conditions is developed. Various functional groups are tolerated well in this transformation, and a broad substrate scope is demonstrated. A preliminary mechanistic investigation shows that this reaction undergoes a radical process, including the insertion of sulfur dioxide, sulfonyl radical addition to unactivated alkene, and remote heteroaryl -migration.

Mg/Cu-doped TiO nanotube array: A novel dual-function system with self-antibacterial activity and excellent cell compatibility.

Many studies were conducted to change the surface morphology and chemical composition of Ti implants for the improvement of antibacterial ability and osseointegration between medical Ti and surrounding bone tissue. In this study, we successfully prepared a novel dual-function coating on pure Ti surface, i.e.

[Knockout of TLR2 gene attenuates insulin resistance and promotes M2 polarization of macrophages in mice].

Objective To study the effect of deletion of Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) gene on insulin resistance and polarization of macrophages in mice. Methods The wild-type (WT) and TLR2 knockout (TLR2) C57BL/6 male mice, aged 28 days, were selected, with 12 mice in each group. The genotype of each mouse was identified by PCR.

High-glucose administration induces glucose intolerance in mice: a critical role of toll-like receptor 4.

Glucose converted from a diet has been considered a high-risk factor of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). However, it is not clear how it increases the risk of T2DM. Here, we investigated the effect of high-glucose administration on glucose tolerence in wild-type and toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) knockout mice.

Toll-like receptor 4 is necessary for glucose-dependent glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion in male mice.

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a natural toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) ligand, can induce the secretion of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) in both animal models and humans consistent with the notion that TLR4 may influence physiological process of GLP-1 secretion. Here, we explored the possible role of TLR4 in the process of glucose-dependent GLP-1 secretion. Wild-type and TLR4 knockout mice were used to observe GLP-1 expression and secretion, as well as the cytokines tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels in plasma and ileum after glucose load.

Mining the potential therapeutic targets for coronary artery disease by bioinformatics analysis.

The present study aimed to mine therapeutic molecular targets that play an important part in the progression of coronary artery disease (CAD). The gene expression profile GSE28829 dataset and the microRNA (miRNA) expression profile GSE59421 dataset were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. The GEO2R online analytical tool was used to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and miRNAs (DEMs).

Nanostructured Ag-substituted fluorhydroxyapatite-TiO coatings for enhanced bactericidal effects and osteoinductivity of Ti for biomedical applications.

Background: Poor mechanical properties, undesirable fast dissolution rate, and lack of antibacterial activity limit the application of hydroxyapatite (HA) as an implant coating material. To overcome these limitations, a hybrid coating of Ag-substituted fluorhydroxyapatite and titania nanotube (TNT) was prepared.

Methods: The incorporation of silver into the HA-TiO hybrid coating improves its antimicrobial properties.

Copper-catalyzed, stereoconvergent, cis-diastereoselective borylative cyclization of ω-mesylate-α,β-unsaturated esters and ketones.

The Cu(i)-catalyzed stereoconvergent borylative cyclization of ω-mesylate-α,β-unsaturated compounds is facilitated by a simple Cu-bisphosphine catalyst. This reaction provides a novel route to cis-β-boron-substituted five- and six-membered carbocycle and heterocycle esters. Mechanistic studies indicate that stereoconvergence and cis-substitution likely stem from the rapid enolation of the borylcopper adduct with the substrate double bond and the formation of a five-membered intermediate, respectively.

[Identification and bioinformatics analysis of differentially expressed microRNAs in mice liver tissues with a high fat diet-induced insulin resistance].

Objective: To identify the expression levels of miR-1897-3p, miR-690 and miR-7a-5p in mice liver tissues with a high fat diet-induced insulin resistance using a stem-loop reverse transcriptional real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR( RT-q PCR)method, and predict microRNAs( miRNAs)-regulated target genes and their functions to investigate the relationship between insulin resistance and differentially expressed miRNAs.

Methods: The total of 30 liver tissue samples were obtained from 15 normal control mice and 15 test mice with a high fat diet-induced insulin resistance. The stemloop reverse transcriptional primers and the primers of real-time PCR were designed to establish a RT-q PCR method, and then the expression levels of miR-1897-3p, miR-690 and miR-7a-5p of 30 liver tissue samples were detected and analyzed.

[Effect of FABP2 gene G54A polymorphism on lipid and glucose metabolism in simple obesity children].

Objective: To explore the relationship between intestinal fatty acid binding protein (FABP2) gene G54A polymorphism and simple childhood obesity, the effect of mutant 54A FABP2 gene on serum lipids and glucose metabolism.

Methods: The total of 83 subjects with overweight/obesity and 100 subjects with healthy/normal weight were involved in this study. The G54A FABP2 gene allele and genotype frequencies between control group and overweight/obesity group were detected using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) -restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) technology, and DNA sequences were confirmed by DNA sequencing.

[Roles of Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and TLR4 in immune responses to Chlamydia trachomatis genital tract infection in mice].

Objective: To evaluate the roles of Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and TLR4 in immune responses to Chlamydia trachomatis (Ct) genital tract infection in mice.

Methods: The wild type (WT, n=11), TLR2(-/-) (n=14) and TLR4(-/-) (n=11) mice were inoculated intravaginally with 1×10(4) inclusion forming units (IFUs) of live C.muridarum (strain MoPn/Nigg) to establish the models of Ct genital tract infection.

[Effects of high-fat diet on FABP2 mRNA expression in small intestinal tissue of young rats].

Objective: To measured FABP2 mRNA expression of small intestinal rats in response to high-fat diet; and to explore the correlation between expression and child obesity in rats.

Methods: The young obese rat models high-fat diet-induced method. Then the expression levels of FABP2 mRNA jejunum and ileum tissues of young rats were detected and analyzed using real time fluorescence quantitative PCR method.

Signaling via tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 but not Toll-like receptor 2 contributes significantly to hydrosalpinx development following Chlamydia muridarum infection.

Chlamydial infection in the lower genital tract can lead to hydrosalpinx, which is accompanied by activation of both pattern recognition receptor TLR2- and inflammatory cytokine receptor TNFR1-mediated signaling pathways. In the current study, we compared the relative contributions of these two receptors to chlamydial induction of hydrosalpinx in mice. We found that mice with or without deficiencies in TLR2 or TNFR1 displayed similar time courses of live organism shedding from vaginal swabs, suggesting that these receptor-mediated signaling pathways are not required for controlling chlamydial lower genital infection.

[Progress of research on TLRs-mediated signaling pathway].

TLRs belong to a family of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that recognize highly conserved microbial antigens termed pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). So far, ten TLRs have been identified in human genome. Each TLR senses a different set of microbial stimuli, and recruits various of adaptors and activates a series of distinct signaling cascades, and drives specific responses against the pathogens.

Chlamydia trachomatis secretion of hypothetical protein CT622 into host cell cytoplasm via a secretion pathway that can be inhibited by the type III secretion system inhibitor compound 1.

Using antibodies raised with C. trachomatis fusion proteins, we localized a hypothetical protein encoded by the ORF ct622 in the cytoplasm of C. trachomatis-infected mammalian cells.

Mice deficient in MyD88 Develop a Th2-dominant response and severe pathology in the upper genital tract following Chlamydia muridarum infection.

MyD88, a key adaptor molecule required for many innate immunity receptor-activated signaling pathways, was evaluated in a Chlamydia muridarum urogenital tract infection model. Compared with wild-type mice, MyD88 knockout (KO) mice failed to produce significant levels of inflammatory cytokines in the genital tract during the first week of chlamydial infection. MyD88 KO mice developed a Th2-dominant whereas wild-type mice developed a Th1/Th17-dominant immune response after chlamydial infection.

[Effect of polymorphism of human intestinal fatty acid binding protein gene on the therapeutic efficacy of fenofibrate].

Objective: To explore the effect of polymorphism in codon Ala54Thr of human intestinal fatty acid-binding protein gene (IFABP) on the therapeutic efficacy of fenofibrate.

Methods: Totally 147 patients with hyperlipidemia [72 men mean age: (56.2 +/- 8.

[Malignant transformation of NIH3T3 cells induced by ectopic expression of PC-1 gene].

Objective: To establish a mouse fibroblastic cell line stably transfected with PC-1 gene, and using such cell line to investigate tumor development and progression imposed by the ectopic expression of PC-1 gene.

Methods: Eukaryotic expression vector pcDNA3.1(-)/myc-his-pc-1 was transfected into mouse fibroblast cell line NIH3T3 by lipofectamine.

[Expression of protooncogene c-jun, p38 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen in intestinal epithelial cells in rats different development stages].

Objective: To investigate the expression characteristics of protooncogene c-jun and its related gene p38 in different developmental intestinal epithelial cells in rats, and to explore their biological roles in the intestinal wound healing after injury.

Methods: Immunohistochemical techniques were used to detect the expressions of c-jun, p38 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA).

Results: The positive expression of c-jun in intestinal epithelial cells at the early development stage (from E14 d to P28 d) was much stronger and more extensive than that in mature rats, and migrated from bottom to top of villus with epithelial cellular development.