Peptide GLP-1 receptor agonists: From injection to oral delivery strategies.

Peptide glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) are effective drugs for treating type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and have been proven to benefit the heart and kidney. Apart from oral semaglutide, which does not require injection, other peptide GLP-1RAs need to be subcutaneously administered. However, oral semaglutide also faces significant challenges, such as low bioavailability and frequent gastrointestinal discomfort.

Optimization of ultrasound-assisted extraction method for phytochemical compounds and antioxidant activities of sour jujube extracts.

Ultrasonic-assisted extraction is a rapid and effective extraction method that uses ultrasound energy and solvents to extract target compounds from various plant matrices. In this study, the ultrasonic-assisted extraction conditions of sour jujube were optimized. A five-level central composite design (CCD) with four variables was used to evaluate ultrasonic treatment variables influencing the total saponin content (TSC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and total phenolic content (TPC) extracted from sour jujube.

Effect of evaluation timing and duration of anxiety-like behaviors induced by conditioned fear in rats: Assessment using the triple test.

The fear conditioning-based models of anxiety disorders have been widely used for assessing anxiolytic action. The triple test is an evaluation method for anxiety-like behaviors that integrates the open field, elevated plus maze, and light/dark box, which can comprehensively reflect the anxiety-like behaviors state of animals. However, there are many factors that can affect the evaluation results of anxiety-like behaviors, especially the time of day (morning or afternoon), which are often ignored by most experimental studies.