A rare case of perianal granular cell tumor: case report and literature review.

Granular cell tumor (GCT) is a rare submucosal neoplasm most commonly localized in the oral mucosa; with one-third of all cases found in the tongue, with less than 30 cases of perianal GCT reported in the literature, making it a rare anal neoplasm. Wide local excision is the gold standard of treatment and follow-up includes annual colonoscopy due to the high incidence of reoccurrence. Here we describe a rare case of benign perianal GCT in a 29-year-old female who presented asymptomatically; however, pathology report revealed a S100 positive immunostaining pattern.

Role and mechanisms of interleukin-1 in the modulation of neurotoxicity.

Objective: Recent studies on cerebral ischemia in the rat have demonstrated that administration of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra) markedly reduces the volumes of infarcts which are associated with N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-mediated neurotoxicity. These observations suggested that endogenous interleukin-1 (IL-1) may be involved in the mediation of excitotoxic neuronal injury following ischemia.

Method: In the present studies, we examined the role of interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) in NMDA-related and microglia-induced excitotoxicity in cocultures of mixed neurons and microglia.