Comparing the molecular evolution and recombination patterns of predominant PRRSV-2 lineages co-circulating in China.

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) poses widespread epidemics in swine herds, yet the drivers underlying lineage replacements/fitness dynamics remain unclear. To delineate the evolutionary trajectories of PRRSV-2 lineages prevalent in China, we performed a comprehensive longitudinal phylodynamic analysis of 822 viral sequences spanning 1991-2022. The objectives encompassed evaluating lineage dynamics, genetic diversity, recombination patterns and glycosylation profiles.

Differential innate immune responses to fowl adenovirus serotype 4 infection in Leghorn male hepatocellular and chicken embryo fibroblast cells.

Fowl adenovirus serotype 4 (FAdV-4) infections result in substantial economic losses in the poultry industry. Recent findings have revealed that FAdV-4 significantly suppresses the host immune response upon infection; however, the specific viral and host factors contributing to this immunomodulatory activity remain poorly characterized. Moreover, diverse cell types exhibit differential immune responses to FAdV-4 infection.

LP78 is a fibronectin/plasminogen binding protein, putative adhesion, and potential diagnostic antigen.

() is one of the major poultry pathogens causing infectious synovitis, airsacculitis, a high incidence of shell breakage, and egg production loss. However, the pathogenesis of remains unclear. Adhesion of mycoplasmas to host cells is a crucial step in infection and colonization.

Fowl adenovirus serotype 4 enters leghorn male hepatocellular cells via the clathrin-mediated endocytosis pathway.

Hepatitis-hydropericardium syndrome (HHS) induced by fowl adenovirus serotype-4 (FAdV-4) has caused large economic losses to the world poultry industry in recent years. HHS is characterized by pericardial effusion and hepatitis, manifesting as a swollen liver with focal necroses and petechial haemorrhage. However, the process of FAdV-4 entry into hepatic cells remains largely unknown.

β-catenin facilitates fowl adenovirus serotype 4 replication through enhancing virus-induced autophagy.

β-catenin is a key component of the Wnt/β-catenin signal transduction cascade which is a highly conserved signaling pathway in eukaryotes. Increasing evidence suggests that the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway is involved in the infection of many viruses. However, its role in fowl adenovirus serotype 4 (FAdV-4) replication remains unclear.

Transcriptome Analysis Reveals the Potential Role of Long Noncoding RNAs in Regulating Fowl Adenovirus Serotype 4-Induced Apoptosis in Leghorn Male Hepatocellular Cells.

Hepatitis-hydropericardium syndrome (HHS) is caused by fowl adenovirus serotype 4 (FAdV-4) and has resulted in considerable economic losses to the poultry industry globally. FAdV-4 elicits apoptosis in host cells. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have emerged as important regulatory RNAs with profound effects on various biological processes, including apoptosis.

Identification, cloning, and characterization of Cherry Valley duck CD4 and its antiviral immune responses.

CD4 protein is a single chain transmembrane glycoprotein and has a broad functionality beyond cell-mediated immunity. In this study, we cloned the full-length coding sequence (CDS) of duck CD4 (duCD4) and analyzed its sequence and structure, and expression levels in several tissues. It consists of 1,449 nucleotides and encodes a 482 amino acid protein.

Cloning, analysis, and anti-duck Tembusu virus innate immune response of Cherry Valley duck tripartite motif-containing 32.

Tripartite motif-containing 32 (TRIM32) is an E3 ubiquitin ligase with multiple functions. In this study, we amplified TRIM32 gene from the Cherry Valley duck, and its cDNA sequence contained an open reading frame of 1,950 bp that encodes 649 amino acids. Duck TRIM32 (duTRIM32) mRNA was expressed in all tissues tested.

DDX1 from Cherry valley duck mediates signaling pathways and anti-NDRV activity.

Novel duck reovirus (NDRV) causes severe economic losses to the duck industry, which is characterized by hemorrhagic spots and necrotic foci of the livers and spleens. DEAD-box helicase 1 (DDX1) plays a critical role in the innate immune system against viral infection. However, the role of duck DDX1 (duDDX1) in anti-RNA virus infection, especially in the anti-NDRV infection, has yet to be elucidated.

Duck HMGB2 Mediates Signaling Pathways in the Innate Immunity of Hosts Against Viral Infections.

High-mobility group box 2 () belongs to the HMG-box family that participates in a variety of biologic processes. Recent studies have suggested that HMGB2 plays an important role in the innate immunity of fish. Cherry Valley duck is the main duck bred for meat consumption in China, but there is limited research available on the impact of duck HMGB2 () in antiviral innate immunity.

Cherry Valley Duck Galectin-2 Plays an Essential Role in Avian Pathogenic Infection-Induced Innate Immune Response.

Galectins play important roles in the host's innate immunity as pattern recognition receptors. In this study, the coding sequences of galectin-2 were identified from Cherry Valley ducks. Tissue distribution of duck galectin-2 (duGal-2) in healthy ducks and ducks infected with avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) was studied, respectively.

High-mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1) from Cherry Valley duck mediates signaling pathways and antiviral activity.

High-mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1) shows endogenous damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) and is also an early warning protein that activates the body's innate immune system. Here, the full-length coding sequence of HMGB1 was cloned from the spleen of Cherry Valley duck and analyzed. We find that duck HMGB1(duHMGB1) is mostly located in the nucleus of duck embryo fibroblast (DEF) cells under normal conditions but released into the cytoplasm after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation.

Galectin-1 induces immune response and antiviral ability in Cherry Valley ducks after duck plague virus infection.

Galectin-1, as a typical animal galactose-binding protein, it is found on the cell surface and in the extracellular matrix. Cloning the full-length coding sequence of galectin-1 from the spleens of Cherry Valley ducks revealed that the coding sequence of duck galectin-1 (duGal-1) comprises 405 bp, encoding 134 amino acids. Homologic analysis revealed its amino acid sequence is most identical to that of Anas platyrhynchos (98.

An Optimization Routing Algorithm Based on Segment Routing in Software-Defined Networks.

Software-defined networks (SDNs) are improving the controllability and flexibility of networks as an innovative network architecture paradigm. Segment routing (SR) exploits an end-to-end logical path and is composed of a sequence of segments as an effective routing strategy. Each segment is represented by a middle point.

Characterization and Roles of Cherry Valley Duck NLRP3 in Innate Immunity During Avian Pathogenic Infection.

The nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor (NLR) pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) is a pattern recognition receptor that is involved in host innate immunity and located in the cytoplasm. In the present study, the full-length cDNA of Cherry Valley duck NLRP3 (duNLRP3) (2,805 bp encode 935 amino acids) was firstly cloned from the spleen of healthy Cherry Valley ducks, and the phylogenetic tree indicated that the duNLRP3 has the closest relationship with in the bird branch. According to quantitative real-time PCR analysis, the duNLRP3 mRNA has a broad expression spectrum in healthy Cherry Valley duck tissues, and the highest expression is in the pancreas.

Fowl Adenovirus Serotype 4 SD0828 Infections Causes High Mortality Rate and Cytokine Levels in Specific Pathogen-Free Chickens Compared to Ducks.

Hydropericardium syndrome and inclusion body hepatitis, together called hydropericardium-hepatitis syndrome, are acute infectious diseases found in chickens. These diseases are caused primarily by fowl adenovirus serotype 4 (FAdV-4) strains. In this study, we isolated a FAdV-4 strain (SD0828) from clinically diseased chickens and phylogenetically analyzed the L1 loops of the hexon protein sequences in 3-week-old specific pathogen-free chickens and ducks infected intramuscularly and orally, determining differences in the pathogenicity by observing clinical signs and gross and histological lesions.

Mouse trophoblastic cells exhibit a dominant invasiveness phenotype over cancer cells.

Invasion process occurs both in mammalian embryo implantation during development and malignant cancer cell metastasis. We investigated the interactions between trophoblasts and metastatic cancer cells and found the phenomenon that mouse trophoblastic cells invaded the monolayer of malignant cancer cells in vitro and appeared the general trait of invasiveness to more than 30 types of malignant cancer cell lines which were derived from different histological origins and with different invasive or metastatic potential. We further investigated the cellular and molecular changes in the process of mouse trophoblastic cells invading human ovarian cancer HO-8910 cells.