Vaccination with formulations targeting Eimeria maxima and Clostridium perfringens conferred comprehensive protection using a dual-infection challenge model of necrotic enteritis.

With increasing regulations restricting antibiotic use in animal feed, the need for alternative strategies to prevent and manage necrotic enteritis (NE) has become imperative. As a result, developing effective vaccines has emerged as a top priority for broiler chicken health management. Coccidial infections are a well-established predisposing factor for NE, underscoring the importance of controlling coccidiosis to help mitigate NE outbreaks.

Nanoparticle containing recombinant excretory/secretory-24 protein of enhanced the cellular immune responses in mice.

poses a global challenge as a parasite affecting small ruminants, yet the problem of absence of an effective vaccine against infection still exists. This investigation sought to appraise the immunological reaction induced by recombinant excretory/secretory-24 (rHcES-24) in combination with complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) and bio-polymeric nanoparticles (NPs) within a murine model. In this study, rHcES-24 was encapsulated in poly(d, l-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) and chitosan (CS) NPs, administered subcutaneously to mice.

A Comprehensive Review on Haemonchus contortus Excretory and Secretory Proteins (HcESPs): T-9 stimulated ESPs as a potential candidate for Vaccine Development and Diagnostic Antigen.

Haemonchus contortus (Barber pole worm) is one of the dominant helminth parasitic infections in small ruminants which is economically important and causes severe losses in the livestock industry, particularly in tropical and subtropical regions. This parasite resides in the abomasum and is responsible for severe blood loss, leading to anemia, emaciation, hypoproteinemia, weight loss, and potentially death. The economic impact of H.

Partial Protection of Goats against Achieved with ADP-Ribosylation Factor 1 Encapsulated in PLGA Nanoparticles.

Background: (), a nematode with global prevalence, poses a major threat to the gastrointestinal health of sheep and goats. In an effort to combat this parasite, a nanovaccine was created using a recombinant ADP-ribosylation factor 1 (ARF1) antigen encapsulated within poly lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA). This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of this nanovaccine in providing protection against infection.

Nanoengineering Multilength-Scale Porous Hierarchy in Mesoporous Metal-Organic Framework Single Crystals.

Developing a reliable method for constructing mesoporous metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) with single-crystalline forms remains a challenging task despite numerous efforts. This study presents a solvent-mediated assembly method for fabricating zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF) single-crystal nanoparticles with a well-defined micro-mesoporous structure using polystyrene--poly(ethylene oxide) diblock copolymer micelles as a soft-template. The precise control of particle sizes, ranging from 85 to 1200 nm, is achieved by regulating nucleation and crystal growth rates while maintaining consistent pore diameters in mesoporous nanoparticles and a rhombohedral dodecahedron morphology.

2D arrays of hollow carbon nanoboxes: outward contraction-induced hollowing mechanism in Fe-N-C catalysts.

Maximizing the utilization efficiency of monatomic Fe sites in Fe-N-C catalysts poses a significant challenge for their commercial applications. Herein, a structural and electronic dual-modulation is achieved on a Fe-N-C catalyst to substantially enhance its catalytic performance. We develop a facile multi-component ice-templating co-assembly (MIC) strategy to construct two-dimensional (2D) arrays of monatomic Fe-anchored hollow carbon nanoboxes (Fe-HCBA) a novel dual-outward interfacial contraction hollowing mechanism.

Succinate coenzyme A ligase β-like protein from Trichinella spiralis is a potential therapeutic molecule for allergic asthma.

Background: For decades, studies have demonstrated the anti-inflammatory potential of proteins secreted by helminths in allergies and asthma. Previous studies have demonstrated the immunomodulatory capabilities of Succinate Coenzyme A ligase beta-like protein (SUCLA-β) derived from Trichinella spiralis, a crucial excretory product of this parasite.

Objective: To explore the therapeutic potential of SUCLA-β in alleviating and controlling ovalbumin (OVA)-induced allergic asthma, as well as its influence on host immune modulation.

Protective efficacy of Eimeria maxima EmLPL and EmTregIM-1 against homologous challenge in chickens.

Chicken coccidiosis has inflicted significant economic losses upon the poultry industry. The primary strategies for preventing and controlling chicken coccidiosis include anticoccidial drugs and vaccination. However, these approaches face limitations, such as drug residues and resistance associated with anticoccidial drugs, and safety concerns related to live vaccines.

Identification and characterization of the receptors of a microneme adhesive repeat domain of Eimeria maxima microneme protein 3 in chicken intestine epithelial cells.

Eimeria maxima microneme protein 3 (EmMIC3) is pivotal in the initial recognition and attachment of E. maxima sporozoites to host cells. EmMIC3 comprises 5 tandem Type I microneme adhesive repeat (MAR) domains, among which MAR2 of EmMIC3 (EmMAR2) has been identified as the primary determinant of EmMIC3-mediated tissue tropism.

eIF-5A Modulates the Immune Response of Murine Macrophages In Vitro.

() is an obligate intracellular protozoan that can elicit a robust immune response during infection. Macrophage cells have been shown to play an important role in the immune response against . In our previous study, the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5A (eIF-5A) gene of was found to influence the invasion and replication of tachyzoites.

Pt Nanoparticle-Mn Single-Atom Pairs for Enhanced Oxygen Reduction.

The intrinsic roadblocks for designing promising Pt-based oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) catalysts emanate from the strong scaling relationship and activity-stability-cost trade-offs. Here, a carbon-supported Pt nanoparticle and a Mn single atom (Pt-Mn/C) as constructed Pt-Mn pairs are demonstrated to be an efficient catalyst to circumvent the above seesaws with only ∼4 wt % Pt loadings. Experimental and theoretical investigations suggest that Mn functions not only as the "assist" for Pt sites to cooperatively facilitate the dissociation of O due to the strong electronic polarization, affording the dissociative pathway with reduced HO production, but also as an electronic structure "modulator" to downshift the -band center of Pt sites, alleviating the overbinding of oxygen-containing intermediates.

Protective Efficacy Induced by the Common Antigen Elongation Factor 2 against Challenge with Three Species in Chickens.

Avian coccidiosis arises from co-infection involving multiple species, which could give rise to substantial economic losses in the global poultry industry. As a result, multivalent anticoccidial vaccines containing common antigens offer considerable promise for controlling co-infection in clinical practice. In our previous study, Elongation factor 2 (EF2) was deemed as an immunogenic common antigen across various species.

Dual-outward contraction-induced construction of 2D hollow carbon superstructures.

A novel dual-outward contraction mechanism is applied to construct 2D hollow carbon superstructures (HCSs) pyrolysis of hybrid ZIF superstructures. One outward contraction stress is offered by the formed thin carbon shell, while another originates from the interconnected facets of ZIF polyhedra within the ZIF superstructure.

Superstructured Carbon with Enhanced Kinetics for Zinc-Air Battery and Self-Powered Overall Water Splitting.

The present study proposes a novel engineering concept for the customization of functionality and construction of superstructure to fabricate 2D monolayered N-doped carbon superstructure electrocatalysts decorated with Co single atoms or CoP nanoparticles derived from 2D bimetallic ZnCo-ZIF superstructure precursors. The hierarchically porous carbon superstructure maximizes the exposure of accessible active sites, enhances electron/mass transport efficiency, and accelerates reaction kinetics simultaneously. Consequently, the Co single atoms embedded N-doped carbon superstructure (Co-NCS) exhibits remarkable catalytic activity toward oxygen reduction reaction, achieving a half-wave potential of 0.

PLGA-Encapsulated Antigen ES-15 Augments Immune Responses in a Murine Model.

is a gastrointestinal parasite that adversely impacts small ruminants, resulting in a notable reduction in animal productivity. In the current investigation, we developed a nanovaccine by encapsulating the recombinant protein rHcES-15, sourced from the excretory/secretory products of , within biodegradable poly (D, L-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) nanoparticles (NPs). The development of this nanovaccine involved the formulation of PLGA NPs using a modified double emulsion solvent evaporation technique.

IFN-γ inhibitory molecules derived from Eimeria maxima inhibit IL-12 secretion by modulating MAPK pathways in chicken macrophages.

IFN-γ plays a crucial role in resisting intracellular parasitic protozoa, such as Eimeria species. In our previous study, we identified 4 molecules derived from Eimeria maxima (E. maxima) that significantly inhibited IFN-γ production.

Protective efficacy of multiepitope vaccines constructed from common antigens of Eimeria species in chickens.

Clinical avian coccidiosis is typically caused by coinfection with several Eimeria species. Recombinant protein and DNA vaccines have shown promise in controlling coccidiosis. On this basis, DNA vaccines that encode multiple epitopes from different Eimeria species may provide broad protection against coinfections.

The microneme adhesive repeat domain of MIC3 protein determined the site specificity of , and .

Understanding the determinants of host and tissue tropisms among parasites of veterinary and medical importance has long posed a substantial challenge. Among the seven species of known to parasitize the chicken intestine, a wide variation in tissue tropisms has been observed. Prior research suggested that microneme protein (MIC) composed of microneme adhesive repeat (MAR) domain responsible for initial host cell recognition and attachment likely dictated the tissue tropism of parasites.

Multi-Scale Engineered 2D Carbon Polyhedron Array with Enhanced Electrocatalytic Performance.

Electrocatalyst engineering from the atomic to macroscopic level of electrocatalysts is one of the most powerful routes to boost the performance of electrochemical devices. However, multi-scale structure engineering mainly focuses on the range of atomic-to-particle scale such as hierarchical porosity engineering, while catalyst engineering at the macroscopic level, such as the arrangement configuration of nanoparticles, is often overlooked. Here, a 2D carbon polyhedron array with a multi-scale engineered structure via facile chemical etching, ice-templating induced self-assembly, and high-temperature pyrolysis processes is reported.

Inhibitory effect of Eimeria maxima IFN-γ inhibitory molecules on the immune function of T cell subsets in chickens.

It has been reported that infection of chicken coccidian could inhibit the production of Th1 cytokine IFN-γ, thereby evading clearance by the host immune system. The present study aimed to have a further investigation into the effects of Eimeria maxima IFN-γ inhibitory molecules (EmHPSP-2 and EmHPSP-3) on the immune function of chicken peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and various T cell subsets. First, separated PBMC or sorted T cell subsets were used for incubation with recombinant proteins of EmHPSP-2 (rEmHPSP-2) and EmHPSP-3 (rEmHPSP-3).

Haemonchus contortus HcL6 promoted the Th9 immune response in goat PBMCs by activating the STAT6/PU.1/NF-κB pathway.

Th9 cells play a crucial role in parasite immunity. The development of Th9 cells is facilitated by several cytokines. Key transcription factors, such as STAT6, STAT5, and PU.

Protective efficacy induced by rhomboid-like protein 1 against homologous infection.

Introduction: Avian coccidiosis, caused by apicomplexan protozoa belonging to the genus, is considered one of the most important diseases in the intensive poultry industry worldwide. Due to the shortcomings of live anticoccidial vaccines and drugs, the development of novel anticoccidial vaccines is increasingly urgent.

Methods: rhomboid-like protein 1 (EmROM1), an invasion-related molecule, was selected as a candidate antigen to evaluate its protective efficacy against in chickens.

Actin depolymerizing factor-based nanomaterials: A novel strategy to enhance -specific immunity.

The epidemic of avian coccidiosis seriously threatens the animals' welfare and the economic gains of the poultry industry. Widespread in avian coccidiosis, () could obviously impair the production performance of the infected chickens. So far, few effective vaccines targeting have been reported, and the nanovaccines composed of nanospheres captured our particular attention.

Pathogenic Effects of Single or Mixed Infections of Eimeria mitis, Eimeria necatrix, and Eimeria tenella in Chickens.

Avian species vary in their replication location, fecundity, and pathogenicity. They are required to complete the development within the limited space of host intestines, and some synergistic or antagonistic effects occur among different species. This study evaluated the impact of on the outcome of or challenge infection.