species in aquatic environments exist either as individual planktonic cells or in communal biofilms. These organisms encounter multiple stresses, include changes in salinity, pH, temperature, and nutrients. Pathogenic species such as , can multiply within the fish hosts.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFMotor variability - performance variations across task repetitions - has been assumed to be undesirable. But recent studies argue that variability facilitates early motor learning by allowing exploratory search of reward-generating motion, and that variability's structure may be modulated by neural circuits for furthering learning. What are the neural sources of learning-relevant motor variability and its modulation in humans of different ages? Elderlies and young adults played a 3-session virtual bowling while multi-muscle electromyographic signals were collected.
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