The role of mitochondrial DNA copy number in female infertility: a bidirectional two-sample Mendelian randomization study.

Background: Previous studies on the impact of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) copy number on female infertility were limited and inconsistent.

Methods: The causal relationship between mtDNA copy number and female infertility was evaluated using a bidirectional 2-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) method. Inverse variance weighted (IVW) method was applied for principal analysis, and MR-Egger, weighted median, simple mode, weighted mode method for secondary analyses.

[Different virulence Mycobacterium promotes RAW264.7 macrophage autophagy and phosphorylation of mTOR and AKT].

Objective To explore the change of autophagy levels of the macrophages infected by Mycobacterium with different virulence. Methods RAW264.7 cells were infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis standard strain (H37Rv), Bacille Calmette Guerin (BCG) and Mycobacterium smegmatis (Ms).