Delineating bacterial genera based on gene content analysis: a case study of the clade within the class .

Genome-based analysis allows for large-scale classification of diverse bacteria and has been widely adopted for delineating species. Unfortunately, for higher taxonomic ranks such as genus, establishing a generally accepted approach based on genome analysis is challenging. While core-genome phylogenies depict the evolutionary relationships among species, determining the correspondence between clades and genera may not be straightforward.

Improving the Comprehension of Pathogenicity and Phylogeny in ' Phytoplasma meliae' through Genome Characterization.

' Phytoplasma meliae' is a pathogen associated with chinaberry yellowing disease, which has become a major phytosanitary problem for chinaberry forestry production in Argentina. Despite its economic impact, no genome information of this phytoplasma has been published, which has hindered its characterization at the genomic level. In this study, we used a metagenomics approach to analyze the draft genome of the ' P.

Complete genome sequence of Phytoplasma WF_GM2021, a plant pathogen associated with soybean witches' broom disease in Taiwan.

The complete genome sequence of Phytoplasma strain WF_GM2021, which consists of one 633,005-bp circular chromosome, is presented in this work. This uncultivated plant-pathogenic bacterium is associated with soybean () witches' broom disease in Wufeng District, Taichung City, Taiwan.

Complete genome sequence of Bbcg2-2, a strain isolated from blueberry crown gall in Taiwan.

Bbcg2-2 is a strain isolated from a crown gall sample of blueberry () cultivar "Flicker" grown in Taiwan. The complete genome sequence of this bacterium consists of a 2,798,342-bp circular chromosome, a 2,140,031-bp linear chromid, and a 386,016-bp circular plasmid.

Flexible changes to the Heliothis virescens ascovirus 3h (HvAV-3h) virion components affect pathogenicity against different host larvae species.

Different pathogenic processes of a virus in different hosts are related to the host individual differences, which makes the virus undergoes different survival pressures. Here, we found that the virions of an insect virus, Heliothis virescens ascovirus 3h (HvAV-3h), had different protein composition when they were purified from different host larval species. These "adaptive changes" of the virions were analyzed in detail in this study, which mainly included the differences of the protein composition of virions and the differences in affinity between virions and different host proteins.

Feeding Spodoptera exigua larvae with gut-derived Escherichia sp. increases larval juvenile hormone levels inhibiting cannibalism.

Feed quality influences insect cannibalistic behavior and gut microbial communities. In the present study, Spodoptera exigua larvae were fed six different artificial diets, and one of these diets (Diet 3) delayed larval cannibalistic behavior and reduced the cannibalism ratio after ingestion. Diet 3-fed larvae had the highest gut bacterial load (1.

Complete genome sequence of " Phytoplasma cynodontis" GY2015, a plant pathogen associated with Bermuda grass white leaf disease in Taiwan.

The complete genome sequence of " Phytoplasma cynodontis" strain GY2015, which consists of one 498,922-bp circular chromosome, is presented in this work. This uncultivated plant-pathogenic bacterium is associated with Bermuda grass white leaf disease in Taoyuan, Taiwan.

Complete Genome Sequence of " Phytoplasma aurantifolia" TB2022, a Plant Pathogen Associated with Sweet Potato Little Leaf Disease in China.

The complete genome sequence of " Phytoplasma aurantifolia" TB2022, which consists of one 670,073-bp circular chromosome, is presented in this work. This bacterium is associated with sweet potato little leaf disease in Fujian Province, China.

Complete Genome Sequence of " Phytoplasma asteris" QS2022, a Plant Pathogen Associated with Lettuce Chlorotic Leaf Rot Disease in China.

The complete genome sequence of " Phytoplasma asteris" QS2022, which consists of one 834,303-bp circular chromosome, is presented in this work. This bacterium is associated with lettuce chlorotic leaf rot disease in Fujian Province, China.

Apoptosis or Antiapoptosis? Interrupted Regulated Cell Death of Host Cells by Ascovirus Infection .

Ascoviruses are insect-specific viruses thought to utilize the cellular apoptotic processes of host larvae to produce numerous virion-containing vesicles. In this study, we first determined the biochemical characteristics of ascovirus-infected, cultured insect cells and the possible antiapoptotic capacity of ascovirus-infected insect cells. The results indicated that the ascovirus infection in the first 24 h was different from the infection from 48 h to the later infection stages.

An Ascovirus Utilizes Different Types of Host Larval Regulated Cell Death Mechanisms To Produce and Release Vesicles.

Ascoviruses are insect-specific viruses that are thought to utilize the cellular apoptotic processes of host larvae to produce numerous virion-containing vesicles. In this study, we monitored the infection processes of Heliothis virescens ascovirus 3h (HvAV-3h) to illustrate the regulated cell death (RCD) of host cells. Transmission electron microscopic observations did not reveal any morphological markers of apoptosis in the fat bodies or hemocytes of HvAV-3h-infected Helicoverpa armigera or Spodoptera exigua larvae.

Biological and Genetic Characterization of Physostegia Chlorotic Mottle Virus in Europe Based on Host Range, Location, and Time.

Application of high throughput sequencing (HTS) technologies enabled the first identification of Physostegia chlorotic mottle virus (PhCMoV) in 2018 in Austria. Subsequently, PhCMoV was detected in Germany and Serbia on tomatoes showing severe fruit mottling and ripening anomalies. We report here how prepublication data-sharing resulted in an international collaboration across eight laboratories in five countries, enabling an in-depth characterization of PhCMoV.

Baicalin protects neonatal rat brains against hypoxic-ischemic injury by upregulating glutamate transporter 1 the phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B signaling pathway.

Baicalin is a flavonoid compound extracted from Scutellaria baicalensis root. Recent evidence indicates that baicalin is neuroprotective in models of ischemic stroke. Here, we investigate the neuroprotective effect of baicalin in a neonatal rat model of hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy.

Activation of large-conductance Ca(2+)-activated K(+) channels inhibits glutamate-induced oxidative stress through attenuating ER stress and mitochondrial dysfunction.

Large-conductance Ca(2+)-activated K(+) channels (BK channels) are widely expressed throughout the vertebrate nervous system, and are involved in the regulation of neurotransmitter release and neuronal excitability. Here, the neuroprotective effects of NS11021, a selective and chemically unrelated BK channel activator, and potential molecular mechanism involved have been studied in rat cortical neurons exposed to glutamate in vitro. Pretreatment with NS11021 significantly inhibited the loss of neuronal viability, LDH release and neuronal apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner.

Ultrastructural Changes of Brain Tissues Surrounding Hematomas after Intracerebral Hemorrhage.

Our knowledge about pathophysiology of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) mainly originates from preclinical models of ICH. In this study, cerebral ultrastructure surrounding hematoma and its correlation with clinical severity were investigated in ICH patients. Thirty patients with basal ganglia hemorrhage and 6 control subjects were enrolled.

[Expression of matrix metalloproteinase MMP-9 in the plasma and hematoma fluid of intracerebral hemorrhage patients].

Objective: To investigate the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 played in secondary brain injury following intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH).

Methods: Hematoma fluid and peripheral blood samples were collected from 60 ICH patients, 34 males and 26 females, aged 60 +/- 13 (37 - 81) n the days 1, 4, and 7 after evacuation of hematoma. Peripheral blood samples were collected form.

[Cloning and characterization of gerM gene involved in germination in Bacillus thuringiensis].

In Bacilli, gerM is a very conservative gene. Primers were designed according to the gerM gene sequence of Bacillus cereus, and a 640bp DNA fragment was obtained from Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kustaki 1.

[Neural apoptosis and apoptosis-related genes in intracerebral hemorrhage patients].

Objective: To observe the neural apoptosis and expression of apoptosis-related genes in brain in order to elucidate the regulation mechanism in the perihematomal region of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) patients.

Methods: Specimens of perihematomal region in human brain were obtained from 29 patients undergoing surgical evacuation of an intracerebral hematoma. Specimens of brain tissue were collected from the corpses of 6 persons within 3 hours after the accidental death.

[Differentiation of human umbilical cord blood mesenchymal stem cells toward neurons induced by baicalin in vitro].

Objective: To study the possibility and mechanism by which the human umbilical blood mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are induced to differentiate into neuron in vitro by baicalin, a kind of flavonoid isolated from an important medicinal plant Scutellariae Radix.

Methods: Human cord blood was obtained via sterile procedure with 20 U/ml of preservative-free heparin. MSCs were isolated by the two-step assay of gelatin sedimentation plus Ficoll centrifugation separation, purified and amplified in the liquid culture medium.

[Association study of five pedigree with high incidence of schizophrenia].

This study is to explore the relationship between polymorphism of Catechol O-methyltransferase gene and schizophrenia. Search for a gene predisposing to schizophrenia in the Han nationality in China. Five pedigrees with high incidence of schizophrenia were studied by polymerize chain reaction(PCR) and restriction fragment length polymorphism(RFLP) technique.

[Prophylactic effect of artesunate against experimental infection of Schistosoma mansoni].

Objective: To study the prophylactic effect of artesunate against the infection of Schistosoma mansoni in mice and its optimal scheme for preventing schistosomiasis mansoni.

Methods: BALB/c mice were infected by tail dipping method with S. mansoni cercariae.