Exploring novel systemic therapies for pancreatic cancer: a review of emerging anti-PD-1/PD-L1 combination therapy.

Despite attempts to apply single therapy such as surgical treatment, chemotherapy, or radiotherapy, pancreatic cancer (PC) is still one of the most lethal solid tumors. Moreover, immune checkpoint inhibitors against PD-1/PD-L1, which have shown good efficacies against many other solid tumors, have not shown encouraging results in PC treatment. Therefore, some studies are evaluating the efficacies of combination therapies based on anti-PD-1/PD-L1 for PC.