Functional characterization of an epsilon glutathione S-transferase (SfGSTe9) associated with insecticide detoxification in Spodoptera frugiperda.

The fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) is a notorious insect pest of poaceae and causes severe economic damage to major cereal crop.

Neritinaceramides A-E, new ceramides from the marine bryozoan Bugula neritina inhabiting South China Sea and their cytotoxicity.

Five new ceramides, neritinaceramides A (1), B (2), C (3), D (4) and E (5), together with six known ceramides (6-11), two known alkyl glycerylethers (12 and 13) and a known nucleoside (14), were isolated from marine bryozoan Bugula neritina, which inhabits the South China Sea. The structures of the new compounds were elucidated as (2S,3R,3'S,4E,8E,10E)-2-(hexadecanoylamino)-4,8,10-octadecatriene-l,3,3'-triol (1), (2S,3R,2'R,4E,8E,10E)-2-(hexadecanoylamino)-4,8,10-octadecatriene-l,3,2'-triol (2), (2S,3R,2'R,4E,8E,10E)-2-(octadecanoylamino)-4,8,10-octadecatriene-l,3,2'-triol (3), (2S,3R,3'S,4E,8E)-2-(hexadecanoylamino)-4,8-octadecadiene-l,3,3'-triol (4) and (2S,3R,3'S,4E)-2-(hexadecanoylamino)-4-octadecene-l,3,3'-triol (5) on the basis of extensive spectral analysis and chemical evidences. The characteristic C-3'S hydroxyl group in the fatty acid moiety in compounds 1, 4 and 5, was a novel structural feature of ceramides.