α-Stereoselective 3-Deoxy-d--oct-2-ulosonoic Acid (Kdo) -Glycosylation with a -Toluenethioglycoside Donor by the (-Tol)SO/TfO Preactivation Strategy.

A convenient and efficient approach was developed to synthesize α-Kdo -glycosides based on the TfO/(-Tol)SO preactivation strategy using peracetylated Kdo thioglycoside as a donor. Under the optimized reaction conditions, several -glycoside products, including α-(2 → 1)-, α-(2 → 2)-, α-(2 → 3)-, and α-(2 → 6)-Kdo products, were stereoselectively synthesized in high yields. Remarkably, a series of aromatic α-Kdo -glycosides were first and successfully constructed in high yields.

Effects of the mTOR Pathway on the Balance of Th2/Treg Cells in Children with Idiopathic Nephrotic Syndrome.

Introduction: Immune dysfunction contributes to the progression of idiopathic nephrotic syndrome (INS), but the details of the pathogenesis of progression remain unknown. This study of children with INS investigated the relationship of activation of the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway (PI3K/AKT/mTOR/p70S6K) with the levels of T helper 2/regulatory T (Th2/Treg) cells.

Materials And Methods: Twenty children with active INS (before steroid treatment), 20 children with remitting INS (INS-R, after steroid treatment), and 20 healthy control children (Ctrl) were enrolled.

Association between HLA alleles and sub-phenotype of childhood steroid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome.

Background: Few studies have addressed the effects of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) alleles on different clinical sub-phenotypes in childhood steroid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome (SSNS), including SSNS without recurrence (SSNSWR) and steroid-dependent nephrotic syndrome/frequently relapse nephrotic syndrome (SDNS/FRNS). In this study, we investigated the relationship between HLA system and children with SSNSWR and SDNS/FRNS and clarified the value of HLA allele detection for precise typing of childhood SSNS.

Methods: A total of 241 Chinese Han individuals with SSNS were genotyped using GenCap-WES Capture Kit, and four-digit resolution HLA alleles were imputed from available Genome Wide Association data.

Responsible genes in children with primary vesicoureteral reflux: findings from the Chinese Children Genetic Kidney Disease Database.

Background: Primary vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) is a common congenital anomaly of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT) in childhood. The present study identified the possible genetic contributions to primary VUR in children.

Methods: Patients with primary VUR were enrolled and analysed based on a national multi-center registration network (Chinese Children Genetic Kidney Disease Database, CCGKDD) that covered 23 different provinces/regions in China from 2014 to 2019.

Function of miR-24 and miR-27 in Pediatric Patients With Idiopathic Nephrotic Syndrome.

We investigated the pathogenesis of idiopathic nephrotic syndrome (INS) by measuring the effects two specific miRNAs on Th2 cells in children with this disease. After informed consent, we enrolled 20 children with active INS before steroid initiation, 20 children with INS in remission after steroid therapy, and 20 age-matched healthy controls. Flow cytometry was used to measure the levels of Th2 cells and a cytometric bead array was used to measure the levels of IgE, interleukin (IL)-4, and IL-13.

Clinical Analysis of Primary Nephrotic Syndrome Complicated by Plastic Bronchitis in Children.

Objective: To summarize the clinical features of primary nephrotic syndrome (PNS) complicated by plastic bronchitis (PB) in children to provide guidance for treatment.

Methods: We conducted a retrospective review of the clinical data of 25 children hospitalized with NS complicated by PB in our Hospital between 10/2016 and 03/2019, and summarized the clinical manifestations, imaging and fiberoptic bronchoscopy (FOB) examinations, treatment course and outcome of them.

Results: 1).

Assembly of Water-soluble AIE-active Fluorescent Organic Nanoparticles for Ratiometric Detection of Hypochlorite in Living Cells.

Hypochlorous acid (HOCl) plays a crucial role in many physiological processes and is widely used as bleach, deodorant and fungicide. In this work, we designed an amphiphilic hydrazone fluorescent molecule THG-1 containing hydrophilic sugar units and hydrophobic tetraphenylethylene unit for ratiometric detection of HOCl with high sensitivity and excellent selectivity based on HOCl-triggered hydrolyzation reaction and aggregation-induced emission (AIE) effect. The detection mechanism was verified by liquid chromatograph mass spectrometry experiments and scanning electron microscope (SEM) tests.

Toxoplasma gondii infection in the peritoneal macrophages of rats treated with glucocorticoids.

It is well known that toxoplasmosis can be life threatening to immunocompromised individuals such as AIDS and organ transplantation patients. Glucocorticoids (GCs) are widely used in the clinic for the treatment of autoimmune diseases and organ transplantation resulting in acute toxoplasmosis in these patients. However, the interaction and mechanism between the development of acute toxoplasmosis and GC therapy are still unknown.

[Analysis of vertical root fracture with two different techniques of root canal preparation].

Purpose: To investigate the relationship of vertical root fracture (VRF) after root canal treatment with two different technique of root canal shaping and provide clinical reference.

Methods: 1702 teeth treated with root canal treatment during recent 2 years. All teeth were divided into two groups according to different techniques of root canal shaping: 643 teeth were prepared with NiTi rotary preparation technique (NRPT) and 1059 teeth were prepared with stainless steel hand K-files preparation technique(SSPT).

Differences in iNOS and arginase expression and activity in the macrophages of rats are responsible for the resistance against T. gondii infection.

Toxoplasma gondii infects humans and warm blooded animals causing devastating disease worldwide. It has long been a mystery as to why the peritoneal macrophages of rats are naturally resistant to T. gondii infection while those of mice are not.

Tooth anatomy risk factors influencing root canal working length accessibility.

The aim of this study was to analyze the specific influence of root canal anatomy on the accessibility of working length during root canal therapy. Four hundred seventy-six root canal therapy cases (amounting to a total of 1 005 root canals) were examined. The anatomy risk factors assessed in each case included: tooth type (tooth location), root canal curvature, and root canal calcification, as well as endodontic retreatment.

[The clinical analysis on the effects of different difficulty in root canal preparation].

Objective: To investigate the effects of root canal preparation treated by endodontists of different levels in different difficulty associated with the root canal anatomy factors.

Methods: Totally 422 teeth with 901 root canals were randomly selected from the Conservative Dentistry Department, West China Stomatology Hospital, and these teeth were respectively treated by junior specialist postgraduates, senior specialist postgraduates and endodontic specialists. Grading criteria of root canal risk factor and root canal therapy difficulty assessment were found based on 6 items: Tooth type, working length, root curvature, calcification, number of canals, and the previous endodontic treatment.

Toxoplasma gondii: the effects of infection at different stages of pregnancy on the offspring of mice.

Congenital toxoplasmosis can cause fetal damage in humans and domestic animals. This study was focused on the effects of Toxoplasma gondii (Prugniaud strain) infection at different stages of pregnancy on the offspring of mice. Results showed that newborn mice from all infected groups were significantly lower in weight than those from the control group but significant difference was not found among these groups at day 60 after birth.

[Textural research on Zibei Xiqi in Bencao Gangmu Shiyi (a supplement to compendium of materia medica)].

Objective: To research the origin of Zibei Xiqi which included in Volume 3 of < Bencao Gangmu Shiyi > (A supplement to the compendium of materia medica).

Method: The origin of Zibei Xiqi was confirmed with textural, botanical characteristics research and drug name, therapeutic effects and so on.

Result: The origin of Zibei Xiqi was confirmed.

[Textural research on "Xuelihua" in "Bencao Gangmu Shiyi" (A Supplement to the Compendium of Materia Medica)].

To investigate the historical origins of folk herbal medicine 'Xuelihua', the origin of 'Xuelihua' was confirmed by textural, botanical characteristics research, investigation of therapeutic effects and field survey. The 'Xuelihua' which was originally recorded in 'Bencao Gangmu Shiyi' (A Supplement to the Compendium of Materia Medica) should be 'Riben Shegencao' (Ophirrhiza japonica) of Rubiaceae family.

[Difficulty assessment of root canal therapy in Chinese permanent maxillary anterior teeth].

Purpose: To assess the difficulty of root canal therapy in Chinese permanent maxillary anterior teeth by radiographic methods in vitro.

Methods: 80 maxillary anterior teeth including 27 maxillary central incisors, 22 maxillary lateral incisors and 31 maxillary canines were collected and X-rayed in 3 individual directions: labiopalatal projection, mesiodistal projection and the maximal angle shot. Three anatomic risk factors: root curvature, calcification and working length of root canal therapy were assessed by difficulty assessment standards and criterions.

[Association of root canal therapy difficulty with canal anatomic factors in mandibular permanent incisors].

Objective: To investigate the association of root canal therapy difficulty with canal anatomic factors in Chinese mandibular permanent incisors.

Methods: Two hundred and ninety nine Chinese permanent incisors were included in this study. The following anatomic items of the root canal were observed: Root canal length, number of root canal, morphology, curvature, and calcification of pulp chamber and root canal.

[Shaping ability of multi-taper nickel-titanium files in simulated resin curved root canal].

Objective: To compare the shaping ability of ISO standard stainless steel K files and multi-taper ProTaper nickel-titanium files in simulated resin curved root canals. METHODS Thirty simulated resin root canals were randomly divided into three groups and prepared by stainless steel K files, hand ProTaper, rotary ProTaper, respectively. The amount of material removed from inner and outer wall and canal width after canal preparation was measured, while the canal curvature before and after canal preparation and canals aberrations were recorded.

[Radiographic anatomy of pulp chamber of Chinese permanent anterior teeth].

Objective: The aim of this study was to measure and analyze the anatomic characteristics of the pulp chamber of Chinese permanent anterior teeth radiographically.

Methods: There were 137 human permanent anterior teeth to be used. The crown length, crown width and crown thickness were measured by vernier caliper.