Assessing the causal effects of and on constipation: a Mendelian randomized study.

Background: Constipation is affected by a number of risk variables, including cardiovascular disease and growth factors. However, the impacts of gut flora on constipation incidence has not been shown. This work, Single-Variable Mendelian Randomization (SVMR) was utilized to estimate the causal relationship between the or , and constipation.

Expressing Parasitoid Venom Protein VRF1 in an Entomopathogen Enhances Virulence toward Cotton Bollworm .

Despite entomopathogenic fungi being used in various insect pest control, it is recognized that they could replace more chemical insecticides if they were more efficient. We have found that cotton bollworm Helicoverpa armigera responded to the infection of entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana by activating the Toll pathway. Koinobiont wasps also regulate host immunity and development to ensure the survival of their progeny.

Rho 1 participates in parasitoid wasp eggs maturation and host cellular immunity inhibition.

Endoparasitoid wasps introduce venom into their host insects during the egg-laying stage. Venom proteins play various roles in the host physiology, development, immunity, and behavior manipulation and regulation. In this study, we identified a venom protein, MmRho1, a small guanine nucleotide-binding protein derived from ovary in the endoparasitoid wasp Microplitis mediator and found that knockdown of its expression by RNA interference caused down-regulation of vitellogenin and juvenile hormone, egg production, and cocoons formation in the female wasps.