Ginsenoside Rf in wild ginseng adventitious roots extract inhibits melanogenesis via cAMP/PKA and NO/cGMP signalling pathways in α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone-stimulated B16F10 mouse melanoma cells and zebrafish.

The scarcity of more effective wild ginseng has severely limited its use, culturing of adventitious roots from wild ginseng were its good substitute. In this study, we found ginsenoside Rf as the special component in adventitious roots extract significantly decreased melanin levels and tyrosinase activity in B16F10 cells and zebrafish, and suppressed the expression of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor and melanogenic enzymes in B16F10 cells. Notably, Rf treatment of B16F10 cells led to reduced cell levels of adenosine cyclic 3', 5'-monophosphate (cAMP), nitric oxide (NO), and guanoside cyclic 3', 5'-monophosphate (cGMP), and reduced activities of adenylate cyclase (AC), protein kinase A (PKA), guanylate cyclase (GC), and protein kinase G (PKG), which suggest Rf anti-melanogenic activity potentially involved inhibition of AC/cAMP/PKA and NO/GC/cGMP/PKG signalling pathway.

A Qualitative Analysis of Cultured Adventitious Ginseng Root's Chemical Composition and Immunomodulatory Effects.

The cultivation of ginseng in fields is time-consuming and labor-intensive. Thus, culturing adventitious ginseng root in vitro constitutes an effective approach to accumulating ginsenosides. In this study, we employed UPLC-QTOF-MS to analyze the composition of the cultured adventitious root (cAR) of ginseng, identifying 60 chemical ingredients.

Efficacy of single-and double-volume exchange transfusion for neonatal hyperbilirubinemia.

Background: To investigate the efficacy and safety of singleand double-volume exchange transfusion for neonatal hyperbilirubinemia (HB) and compare their effects on the internal environment of newborns.

Methods: The clinical data of 96 HB newborns admitted to and treated in our hospitals from January 2016 to October 2021 were retrospectively analyzed. Then, these newborns were divided into single volume group (80-110 mL/kg, n=48) and double volume group (150-180 mL/kg, n=48) by the exchange volume per unit body mass.

A Linarin Derivative Protects against Ischemia-Induced Neuronal Injury in Mice by Promoting Cerebral Blood Flow Recovery via KDELR-Dependent CSPG4 Activation.

The cerebral ischemic microvascular response and collateral circulation compensatory capacity are important for the outcome of ischemic stroke. Here, we sought to evaluate the effect of a linarin derivate 4'-benzylapigenin-7--rutinoside (BLR) on neurological function and cerebral blood flow restoration in ischemic stroke. A mouse model of middle cerebral artery occlusion (30 min) with reperfusion (24 h) was used to mimic ischemic stroke , and 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assays, and immunofluorescence microscopy were used to assess the protective effects of BLR on infarct volume, neurological function, neuronal apoptosis, and inflammatory damage.

A Co-Doped FeO Nanozyme Shows Enhanced Reactive Oxygen and Nitrogen Species Scavenging Activity and Ameliorates the Deleterious Effects of Ischemic Stroke.

Acute ischemic stroke has become the major cause of mortality and disability worldwide. Following ischemic stroke, the reperfusion injury is mainly mediated by the burst of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS). Therefore, blocking the excessive production or removing RONS holds great promise as a potential therapeutic strategy.

Akt activation-dependent protective effect of wild ginseng adventitious root protein against UVA-induced NIH-3T3 cell damage.

Prolonged skin exposure to ultraviolet radiation can lead to development of several acute and chronic diseases, with UVA exposure considered a primary cause of dermal photodamage. We prepared a wild ginseng adventitious root extract (ARE) that could alleviate UVA irradiation-induced NIH-3T3 cell viability decline. After employing a series of purification methods to isolate main active components of ARE, adventitious root protein mixture (ARP) was identified then tested for protective effects against UVA irradiation-induced NIH-3T3 cell damage.

Active polypeptides from Hirudo inhibit endothelial cell inflammation and macrophage foam cell formation by regulating the LOX-1/LXR-α/ABCA1 pathway.

Background And Aims: Hirudo is an important Chinese medicine that has been widely used in patients with thrombosis-related diseases. We aimed to evaluate the protective effect and potential mechanism of Hirudo extract (HE) on the process of atherosclerosis (AS) as well as identify its active components in the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) - or oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL)-induced cell models.

Methods: After treatment, adhesion molecules and pro-inflammatory cytokines induced by LPS were examined by qPCR and ELISA.

Different Roles of GRP78 on Cell Proliferation and Apoptosis in Cartilage Development.

Eukaryotic cells possess several mechanisms to adapt to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and thereby survive. ER stress activates a set of signaling pathways collectively termed as the unfolded protein response (UPR). We previously reported that Bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2) mediates mild ER stress and activates UPR signal molecules in chondrogenesis.

Regulation of chondrocyte differentiation by IRE1α depends on its enzymatic activity.

Bone morphogenetic protein 2(BMP2) is known to activate unfolded protein response (UPR) signal molecules in chondrogenesis. Inositol-requiring enzyme-1α (IRE1α),as one of three unfolded protein sensors in UPR signaling pathways, can be activated during ER stress. However, the influence on IRE1α in chondrocyte differentiation has not yet been elucidated.

XBP1S associates with RUNX2 and regulates chondrocyte hypertrophy.

BMP2 (bone morphogenetic protein 2) is known to activate unfolded protein response signaling molecules, including XBP1S and ATF6. However, the influence on XBP1S and ATF6 in BMP2-induced chondrocyte differentiation has not yet been elucidated. In this study, we demonstrate that BMP2 mediates mild endoplasmic reticulum stress-activated ATF6 and directly regulates XBP1S splicing in the course of chondrogenesis.

XBP1S protects cells from ER stress-induced apoptosis through Erk1/2 signaling pathway involving CHOP.

The mammalian unfolded protein response (UPR) protects the cell against the stress of misfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and the transcription factor X-box binding protein 1 spliced (XBP1S), a regulator of the UPR, is known to be important for ER stress (ERS)-mediated apoptosis and cell growth, but the molecular mechanism underlying these processes remains unexplored. Here, we report that knockdown of XBP1S by an siRNA silencing approach increased the expression of ERS-associated molecules. The overexpression of XBP1S stimulated, whereas its knockdown inhibited, cell proliferation in chondrocytes and chondrosarcoma cells; in addition, overexpression of XBP1S inhibited, while its repression enhanced, ERS-mediated apoptosis in chondrocytes and chondrosarcoma cells.

Study on the effect of IRE1a on cell growth and apoptosis via modulation PLK1 in ER stress response.

The mammalian unfolded protein response (UPR) protects the cell against the stress of misfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Failure to adapt to ER stress causes the UPR to trigger apoptosis. Inositol-requiring enzyme-1a (IRE1a), as one of three unfolded protein sensors in UPR signaling pathways, senses ER unfolded proteins through an ER lumenal domain that becomes oligomerized during ER stress.

Multi-reference state-universal coupled-cluster approaches to electronically excited states.

The multi-reference (MR), general model space (GMS), state-universal (SU), coupled-cluster (CC) method with singles and doubles (GMS-SU-CCSD), as well as its triple-corrected versions GMS-SU-CCSD(T), are employed to assess their ability to describe low-lying excited states of various molecules, with an emphasis on a simultaneous handling of several states of the same symmetry species. A special attention is given to the role of the so-called C-conditions that account for non-vanishing internal cluster amplitudes when relying on an incomplete GMS, as well as to the choice of suitable model spaces and a perturbative account of secondary triples. The ambiguities arising when using large basis sets are also pointed out.

Multireference coupled-cluster study of the symmetry breaking in the C2B radical.

The potential energy surfaces (PESs) for both the ground and the excited electronic states of the C(2)B radical are investigated using various multireference (MR) coupled-cluster (CC) approaches. In the ground state case we employ the reduced MR (RMR) CC approach with singles (S) and doubles (D), the RMR CCSD method, as well as its RMR CCSD(T) version corrected for secondary triples, relying on various model spaces and basis sets. The reliability of this approach is also tested against the benchmark full configuration interaction results obtained for a small Dunning-Hay (DH) basis set.

Multireference general-model-space state-universal and state-specific coupled-cluster approaches to excited states.

The concept of C-conditions, originally introduced in the framework of the multireference (MR), general-model-space (GMS), state-universal (SU), coupled-cluster (CC) approach with singles and doubles (GMS-SU-CCSD) to account for the internal amplitudes that vanish in the case of a complete model space, is applied to a state-selective or state-specific Mukherjee MR-CC method (MkCCSD). In contrast to the existing applications, the emphasis is on the description of excited states, particularly those belonging to the same symmetry species. The applicability of the C-conditions in all MR-SU-CC approaches is emphasized.

Performance of multireference and equation-of-motion coupled-cluster methods for potential energy surfaces of low-lying excited states: symmetric and asymmetric dissociation of water.

Multireference (MR), general-model-space (GMS), state-universal (SU) coupled-cluster (CC) method that considers singly (S) and doubly (D) excited cluster amplitudes relative to the reference configurations spanning the model space (GMS SU CCSD), as well as its externally corrected (ec) version (N,M)-CCSD that employs N-reference MR CISD as an external source of higher-than-pair cluster amplitudes in a M-reference GMS CCSD, are employed to investigate low-lying states of the water molecule. The emphasis is on a generation of several low lying states belonging to the same symmetry species. Cuts of the potential energy surface (PES) corresponding to the breaking of a single OH bond and leading to the OH+H fragments, as well as the simultaneous breaking of both bonds into the O+2H are considered.

Force field of para- and metabenzyne diradicals: a multireference coupled-cluster study.

The reduced multireference (RMR) coupled-cluster (CC) method with singles and doubles (RMR CCSD) that exploits a modest size MR CISD wave function as an external source for a small subset of the most important (primary) triples and quadruples to account for quasidegeneracy due to a MR nature of the states considered, as well as its RMR CCSD(T) version corrected for the secondary triples, are employed to compute fundamental vibrational frequencies for the para- and metabenzene diradicals. A comparison is made with the available experimental data and with other methods, namely, the state selective or Mukherjee CCSD and completely renormalized, size-extensive version of CCSD(T), the so-called CR-CC(2,3), methods. Both the restricted Hartree-Fock and multiconfiguration self-consistent-field (MCSCF) molecular orbitals (MOs) are employed.

A multireference coupled-cluster study of electronic excitations in furan and pyrrole.

A multireference (MR), general-model-space (GMS), state-universal (SU), coupled-cluster (CC) method that considers singly (S) and doubly (D) excited cluster amplitudes relative to the reference configurations spanning the model space (GMS SU CCSD) is employed to investigate a number of low-lying excited states of two five-membered, six pi -electron aromatic ring molecules, namely, furan and pyrrole. An extended basis set that includes diffuse functions and molecule-centered Rydberg functions is employed. Computed vertical excitation energies are compared with experimental values as well as with other theoretical results, namely, those obtained by the equation-of-motion (EOM) CCSD method or, equivalently, the symmetry adapted cluster configuration interaction (SAC-CI) method, by the MR CI method, by MR perturbation theory, and by other methods whenever available.

Accounting for the exact degeneracy and quasidegeneracy in the automerization of cyclobutadiene via multireference coupled-cluster methods.

The automerization of cyclobutadiene (CBD) is employed to test the performance of the reduced multireference (RMR) coupled-cluster (CC) method with singles and doubles (RMR CCSD) that employs a modest-size MR CISD wave function as an external source for the most important (primary) triples and quadruples in order to account for the nondynamic correlation effects in the presence of quasidegeneracy, as well as of its perturbatively corrected version accounting for the remaining (secondary) triples [RMR CCSD(T)]. The experimental results are compared with those obtained by the standard CCSD and CCSD(T) methods, by the state universal (SU) MR CCSD and its state selective or state specific (SS) version as formulated by Mukherjee et al. (SS MRCC or MkMRCC) and, wherever available, by the Brillouin-Wigner MRCC [MR BWCCSD(T)] method.

Computation of molecular vibrational frequencies using anomalous harmoniclike potentials.

The instabilities of Hartree-Fock (HF) solutions at or near the equilibrium geometry of symmetric molecular species imply the existence of broken-symmetry solutions having a lower energy than the corresponding symmetry-adapted ones. Moreover, the distortion of the nuclear framework along the normal modes that are implied by such broken-symmetry solutions results in an anomalous or even singular behavior in the corresponding cuts of the potential energy surface (PES). Using such HF solutions as a reference, these anomalies propagate to a post-HF level and make it impossible to determine reliable harmonic or fundamental vibrational frequencies for such modes by relying on either numerical or analytical differentiation of the PES, requiring instead a numerical integration of the Schrodinger equation for the nuclear motion.