Fundus vascular arcades angle reflects choroidal thickness in highly myopic children and adolescents.

Objectives: To identify the role of fundus vascular arcades angle (VAA) in reflecting choroidal thickness (ChT) of highly myopic children and adolescents.

Methods: Participants aged 5 to 18 yrs with high myopia (spherical equivalent, SE ≤ -5.0 D) were enrolled and followed up for one year from the Shanghai Child and Adolescent Large-scale Eye Study.

Spatial frequency of environments and myopia: A systematic review on associated evidence and underlying mechanisms.

Purpose: Previous animal studies have found a relationship between spatial frequency and myopia. New research in humans suggest that reduced high spatial content of the visual environment may be a contributing factor for myopia development. This study aims to review the literature and elucidate the potential biological mechanisms linking spatial frequency and myopia.

Association between the onset of diabetic retinopathy and thickness changes in the retina and choroid of children with type 1 diabetes: A three-year longitudinal study.

Purpose: To explore the longitudinal changes in retinal and choroidal thickness and their relation with the onset of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) in children.

Methods: Thirty-eight children with T1DM and 71 healthy controls were included in this 3-year longitudinal study. Ophthalmic and systemic examinations were conducted on each participant.

High altitudes, deeper insights: multicenter cardiovascular magnetic resonance study on hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.

Objectives: Altitude is a known factor in cardiovascular disease, but its impact on hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) patients remains unclear. This study aimed to determine whether living at high altitudes affects the extent of late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) and left ventricular (LV) strain in HCM patients.

Methods: This retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted across four hospitals located at different altitudes in China.

Changes in choroidal thickness in pre-myopic children after repeated low-level red-light therapy and their role in predicting myopia prevention and controlling myopic shift.

Purpose: To investigate longitudinal changes in choroidal thickness (ChT) after 1-year treatment of repeated low-level red-light (RLRL) and their predictive value in efficacy on myopia prevention and myopic shift among pre-myopic children.

Methods: 278 pre-myopic (-0.50 D < spherical equivalent refraction, SER ≤ 0.

Regional/ethnic differences in ocular axial elongation and refractive error progression in myopic and non-myopic children.

Aim: To determine the regional and ethnic differences in ocular axial elongation and refractive error progression in myopic and non-myopic children.

Methods: A retrospective analysis of 15 longitudinal clinical and population-based studies was conducted in the UK, Sweden, Australia (classified as European), China, and Vietnam (classified as East Asian) between 2005 and 2021. A total of 14,593 data points from 6208 participants aged 6-16 years with spherical equivalent from +6 to -6 D were analysed.

Retinal curvature in Chinese children with myopia measured by ultra-widefield swept-source optical coherence tomography.

Aims: To quantitatively measure retinal curvature (RC) in children with myopia and explore its association with refractive status.

Methods: This cross-sectional study included participants aged 5-18 years who underwent comprehensive ocular examinations, including cycloplegic refraction and macula 24×20 mm optical coherence tomography (OCT) scans. RC was derived from OCT data using a three-dimensional reconstruction system.

Smartwatch Measures of Outdoor Exposure and Myopia in Children.

Importance: Time spent outdoors has been proven effective in preventing myopia, but little is known about the association of outdoor exposure patterns with myopia.

Objective: To examine the association of outdoor exposure patterns with myopic shift in children.

Design, Setting, And Participants: This 1-year prospective cohort study from December 2017 to December 2018 was a secondary analysis of a cluster-randomized trial (Shanghai Time Outside to Reduce Myopia [STORM]).

Efficacy of weekly dose of 1% atropine for myopia control in Chinese children.

Purpose: To assess the effect of weekly 1% atropine use on children's myopia progression and whether the effect is sustainable.

Methods: Medical records of myopic children aged 3-15 years receiving weekly 1% atropine for more than 1 year were retrospectively reviewed. Axial length (AL) and spherical equivalent refraction (SER) at every visit were collected.

A deep learning system for myopia onset prediction and intervention effectiveness evaluation in children.

The increasing prevalence of myopia worldwide presents a significant public health challenge. A key strategy to combat myopia is with early detection and prediction in children as such examination allows for effective intervention using readily accessible imaging technique. To this end, we introduced DeepMyopia, an artificial intelligence (AI)-enabled decision support system to detect and predict myopia onset and facilitate targeted interventions for children at risk using routine retinal fundus images.

Short-term effects of sunlight exposure on fundus blood flow perfusion in children: a randomised controlled trial.

Aim: To evaluate the short-term effects of different sunlight exposure on fundus blood flow perfusion (BFP) after near work.

Methods: In this parallel randomised controlled trial, 81 students aged 7-15 with spherical equivalent refraction between -2.00 and +3.

Quantification of Fundus Tessellation Reflects Early Myopic Maculopathy in a Large-Scale Population of Children and Adolescents.

Purpose: This study investigated the distribution of fundus tessellation density (FTD) in a Chinese pediatric population and its potential in reflecting early myopic maculopathy (tessellated fundus).

Methods: Participants were enrolled from kindergartens, primary schools, and middle schools, with cluster sampling in Shanghai, China. A series of ophthalmic examinations was conducted.

Impact of ophthalmic clinical service use in mitigating myopia onset and progression in preschool children: a retrospective cohort study.

Background: Although school screenings identify children with vision problems and issue referrals for medical treatment at an ophthalmic hospital, the effectiveness of this approach remains unverified.

Objective: To investigate the impact of ophthalmic clinical services on the onset and progression of myopia in preschool children identified with vision impairment.

Methods: Using data from the Shanghai Child and Adolescent Large-scale Eye Study (SCALE), this retrospective cohort study evaluated the visual development of children from three districts-Jing'an, Minhang, and Pudong-which are representative of geographic diversity and economic disparity in Shanghai's 17 districts.

Development and validation of a smartwatch algorithm for differentiating physical activity intensity in health monitoring.

To develop and validate a machine learning based algorithm to estimate physical activity (PA) intensity using the smartwatch with the capacity to record PA and determine outdoor state. Two groups of participants, including 24 adults (13 males) and 18 children (9 boys), completed a sequential activity trial. During each trial, participants wore a smartwatch, and energy expenditure was measured using indirect calorimetry as gold standard.

Barriers and facilitators to using ophthalmic clinical health services following school vision screening: a mixed-methods study.

Objective: To identify determinants of the utilisation of ophthalmic clinical health services among students who failed school vision screening.

Methods: This study employed a sequential explanatory mixed methods design, underpinned by Andersen's Behavioural Model of Health Service Utilisation. Data were initially gathered through interviews with 27 stakeholders-comprising 5 ophthalmologists, 7 community doctors, 7 public health professionals and 8 teachers.

Effect modification of time spent outdoors on the association between early childhood overweight and myopia: a one-year follow-up study.

Background: This study examined the moderating role of outdoor time on the relationship between overweight and myopia.

Methods: The data for this study was obtained from a prospective study in Shanghai, where non-myopic children wore wristwear and were followed up for 1 year. Eye examinations were performed at each visit.

Macular and peripapillary Choroidal Vascularity Index in children with different refractive status.

Objectives: To characterize choroidal vascular changes in children with different refractive status.

Methods: A study including 5864 children aged 6-9 years was performed to investigate the choroidal vascular index (CVI) in myopic, emmetropic and hyperopic eyes. Each participant had a comprehensive ocular examination with cycloplegic autorefraction performed, axial length (AL) measured and Swept Source-Optical Coherence Tomography (SS-OCT) scans acquired.

Normative value of hyperopia reserve and myopic shift in Chinese children and adolescents aged 3-16 years.

Background: This research aims to generate normative values of hyperopia reserve and refractive progression as effective tools to estimate the risk of myopia.

Methods: A 1-year follow-up study was conducted among Chinese children and adolescents aged 3-16 years selected from schools and kinder gardens using cluster sampling. All participants underwent examinations including visual acuity, axial length and cycloplegic autorefraction (1% cyclopentolate).

Cutoff values of axial length/corneal radius ratio for determining myopia vary with age among 3-18 years old children and adolescents.

Purpose: To investigate the effectiveness and cutoffs of axial length/corneal radius (AL/CR) ratio for myopia detection in children by age.

Methods: Totally, 21 kindergartens and schools were enrolled. Non-cycloplegic autorefraction (NCAR), axial length (AL), horizontal and vertical meridian of corneal radius (CR1, CR2), and cycloplegic autorefraction were measured.

Cylinder power progression associated with axial length in young children: a two-year follow-up study.

Purpose: To describe the association of refraction development and axial length (AL) in young children and provide new insights into the progression of cylinder power.

Methods: Children (2-3 grades) were enrolled from primary schools in Shanghai and followed up for two years. Cycloplegic refraction, AL, and corneal curvature radius were measured.

Add-On Effect of 0.01% Atropine in Orthokeratology Wearers for Myopia Control in Children: A 2-Year Retrospective Study.

Introduction: Orthokeratology (OK) and low-concentration atropine are recommended approaches for controlling myopia. However, children with younger age and lower myopia are more likely to experience rapid axial progression during OK or atropine monotreatment. This study aimed to assess the efficacy of OK combined with low-concentration atropine for myopia control in children over 24 months and to determine whether the effect was sustainable.

Myopic maculopathy among Chinese children with high myopia and its association with choroidal and retinal changes: the SCALE-HM study.

Aims: To investigate myopic maculopathy in Chinese children with high myopia and its association with choroidal and retinal changes.

Methods: This cross-sectional study included Chinese children aged 4-18 years with high myopia. Myopic maculopathy was classified by fundus photography and retinal thickness (RT) and choroidal thickness (ChT) in the posterior pole were measured by swept-source optical coherence tomography.

Normative data for axial elongation in Asian children.

Aim: To determine the influence of refractive error (RE), age, gender and parental myopia on axial elongation in Chinese children and to develop normative data for this population.

Methods: This is a retrospective analysis of eight longitudinal studies conducted in China between 2007 and 2017. Data of 4701 participants aged 6-16 years with spherical equivalent from +6 to -6D contributed to one, two or three annualised progression data resulting in a dataset of 11,262 eyes of 26.