Association of Parkinson's disease-related pain with plasma interleukin-1, interleukin-6, interleukin-10, and tumour necrosis factor-α.

Objective: To study the association between Parkinson's disease (PD)-related pain and plasma interleukin (IL)‑1, IL‑6, IL‑10, and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)‑α levels.

Methods: Sixty-seven participants were enrolled. Plasma inflammatory cytokine levels of IL-1, IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-α were measured with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

Low-dose X-ray irradiation promotes fracture healing through up-regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor.

Compared with high and medium dose irradiation, low-dose irradiation (LDI) revealed different yet healing promotion effects, such as hormesis and adaptive response. A recent milestone work by Zhou demonstrated that LDI at 1 Gy promoted callus formation and mineralization in a rat model, yet without being able to address the underlying mechanism. It is well known that vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a key cytokine that regulates angiogenesis, especially important found in the process of fracture healing to interplay with other molecules.