Independent and Combined Associations of Physical Activity in Different Domains and Inflammatory Diet with Type 2 Diabetes: A Population-Based Cohort Study.

Objective: This study aims to explore the independent and combined associations of physical activity (PA) in different domains and inflammatory diet with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).

Methods: Data from 8736 American adults from the NHANES 2007-2016 were used. PA in different domains was assessed using the self-reported Global Physical Activity Questionnaire, and dietary inflammatory index was estimated based on 24 h dietary recalls.

Systemic Modulators: Potential Mechanism for the 5-HT System to Mediate Exercise Amelioration in Alzheimer's Disease.

As a neurodegenerative disease closely related to age-related changes, Alzheimer's disease (AD) is rapidly becoming one of the most resource-intensive and deadly diseases of this century. As a systemic neurotransmitter system with widespread distribution throughout the central and peripheral nervous systems, the 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) system not only plays an important role in antidepressant therapy but also shows potential value in improving AD symptoms. The 5-HT system may facilitate the prevention and treatment of AD by impacting its pathological processes through various pathways, such as the regulation of Aβ deposition, hyperphosphorylation of Tau, central and peripheral neuroinflammation, and the interactions with the cholinergic and BDNF systems.

Independent and joint role of inflammatory diet and physical activity with cognitive function in aging: Evidence from a population-based survey.

Objective: This study aims to explore the independent and joint association of physical activity (PA) and inflammatory diet with cognitive function in aging.

Method: Data from the 2011-2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) was used. 2249 NHANES participants with valid data represented a weighted population of 50.

Codon-optimized FAM132b gene therapy prevents dietary obesity by blockading adrenergic response and insulin action.

Background: FAM132b (myonectin) has been identified as a muscle-derived myokine with exercise and has hormone activity in circulation to regulate iron homeostasis and lipid metabolism via unknown receptors. Here, we aim to explore the potential of adeno-associated virus to deliver FAM132b in vivo to develop a gene therapy against obesity.

Methods: Adeno-associated virus AAV9 were engineered to induce overexpression of FAM132b with two mutations, A136T and P159A.

The potential mechanisms of lactate in mediating exercise-enhanced cognitive function: a dual role as an energy supply substrate and a signaling molecule.

Lactate has previously been considered a metabolic waste and is mainly involved in exercise-induced fatigue. However, recent studies have found that lactate may be a mediator of the beneficial effects of exercise on brain health. Lactate plays a dual role as an energy supply substrate and a signaling molecule in this process.

Lactate Is Answerable for Brain Function and Treating Brain Diseases: Energy Substrates and Signal Molecule.

Research to date has provided novel insights into lactate's positive role in multiple brain functions and several brain diseases. Although notable controversies and discrepancies remain, the neurobiological role and the metabolic mechanisms of brain lactate have now been described. A theoretical framework on the relevance between lactate and brain function and brain diseases is presented.

Interactions between Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Autophagy: Implications for Apoptosis and Neuroplasticity-Related Proteins in Palmitic Acid-Treated Prefrontal Cells.

Lipotoxicity of palmitic acid (PA) or high-fat diets has been reported to increase endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and autophagy in peripheral tissue as well as apoptotic cell death. It also can lead to an AD-like pathological pattern. However, it has been unknown that PA-induced ER stress and autophagy are involved in the regulation of neuroplastic abnormalities.

The Role of Fgf9 in the Antidepressant Effects of Exercise and Fluoxetine in Chronic Unpredictable Mild Stress Mice.

Objective: The neurotrophic hypothesis of depression posits that stress and depression decrease neurotrophic factor expression in brain, whereas antidepressants and exercise can contribute to the blockade of stress effects and produce antidepressant effects. Fibroblast growth factor 9 (FGF9), a member of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family, has been reported to be dysregulated in depression. The present study aimed to determine whether and how Fgf9 mediates the antidepressant effects of fluoxetine and exercise in chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) mice.

Elevated Lactate by High-Intensity Interval Training Regulates the Hippocampal BDNF Expression and the Mitochondrial Quality Control System.

High-intensity interval training (HIIT) is reported to be beneficial to brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) biosynthesis. A key element in this may be the existence of lactate, the most obvious metabolic product of exercise. , this study investigated the effects of a 6-week HIIT on the peripheral and central lactate changes, mitochondrial quality control system, mitochondrial function and BDNF expression in mouse hippocampus.

[Effects of resistance exercise on pyroptosis-related proteins in hippocampus of insulin resistant mice].

To investigate the changes of pyroptosis-related proteins in the hippocampus of insulin-resistant mice and the regulation of resistance training on pyroptosis-related proteins. Six-week-old male C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into control group (C, =12) and high-fat diet group (HFD, =26) for normal or high-fat diet for 12 weeks. Subsequently, according to the results of glucose tolerance test (GTT) and insulin tolerance test (ITT), the rats fed with high-fat diet were divided into insulin resistance group (IR, =10) and resistance exercise group (RT, =10) as well as to maintain high-fat diet.

[Aerobic exercise reduces the expression of pyroptosis-related proteins and inflammatory factors in hippocampus of mice with insulin resistance].

The aim of the present study was to observe the expression of pyroptosis- and inflammation-related proteins in the hippocampus of mice with insulin resistance (IR) after aerobic exercise, and to explore the possible mechanism of exercise to improve IR. C57BL/6J male mice of 6 weeks old were randomly fed with normal diet (n = 12) and high-fat diet (HFD) (n = 26) for 12 weeks respectively. Glucose tolerance test (GTT) and insulin tolerance test (ITT) were performed to determine whether IR occurred in HFD mice.

The roles of GRP81 as a metabolic sensor and inflammatory mediator.

GPR81 (also named as HCA1) is a member of a subfamily of orphan G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs), coupled to G -type G proteins. GPR81 was discovered in 2001 and identified as the only known endogenous receptor of lactate under physiological conditions in 2008, which opened a new field of research on how lactate may act as a signal molecule along with the GPR81 expression in the roles of metabolic process and inflammatory response. Recent studies showed that the physiological functions of GPR81 include lipid metabolism in adipose tissues, metabolic excitability in the brain, cellular development, and inflammatory response modulation.

Targeting viperin improves diet-induced glucose intolerance but not adipose tissue inflammation.

Viperin is an interferon-inducible antiviral protein, responsible for antiviral response to a variety of viral infections. Here, we show that silencing viperin by antisense oligonucleotides (ASO) protects against diet-induced glucose intolerance, and yet exacerbates adipose tissue inflammation. In high-fat diet-fed mice, viperin ASO improves glucose homeostasis, reduces plasma triglyceride concentrations and ameliorates diet-induced hepatic steatosis.

Swimming exercise reverses CUMS-induced changes in depression-like behaviors and hippocampal plasticity-related proteins.

Background: Stress-induced failed resilience of brain plasticity can contribute to the onset and recurrence of depression. Chronic stress has been reported to open windows of epigenetic plasticity in hippocampus. However, how hippocampal plasticity underlies depression-like behaviors and how it adapts in response to stress has not been addressed.

OGT-related mitochondrial motility is associated with sex differences and exercise effects in depression induced by prenatal exposure to glucocorticoids.

Background: Prenatal exposure to glucocorticoids (GCs) has been found to trigger abnormal behaviors and deleterious neurological effects on offspring both in animals and in humans. The sex differences in depression have been replicated in numerous studies across cultures, persisting throughout the reproductive years. As an X-linked gene in rodents and in humans, O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) may provide a novel perspective for the sex differences in depression.

Leptin receptor knockout-induced depression-like behaviors and attenuated antidepressant effects of exercise are associated with STAT3/SOCS3 signaling.

Relatively little has been known about pathophysiological mechanisms contributing to the development of neuropsychiatric symptoms in the context of metabolic syndrome. Impaired leptin signaling activation in db/db mice has been proposed as a potential link between behavioral and metabolic disorders. Our previous studies have shown that exercise has the beneficial effects on a depression-like and insulin-resistant state in mice.

Long-term treatment with nicotinamide induces glucose intolerance and skeletal muscle lipotoxicity in normal chow-fed mice: compared to diet-induced obesity.

Nicotinamide (NAM), or vitamin B3, is an essential coenzyme for ATP synthesis and an inhibitor of sirtuin 1. Recently, conflicting results were reported regarding the treatment of NAM in type 2 diabetes and obesity. The aim of this study was to determine whether and how long-term treatment with NAM at lower dose would affect insulin sensitivity in mice fed chow diet.