Natural Saponins on Cholesterol-Related Diseases: Treatment and Mechanism.

Saponins are compounds composed of lipophilic aglycones linked to hydrophilic sugars. Natural saponins are isolated from plants and some Marine organisms. As important cholesterol-lowering drugs, natural saponins have attracted wide attention for their therapeutic potential in a variety of cholesterol-related metabolic diseases.

Neuroprotective effects of gypenosides on LPS-induced anxiety and depression-like behaviors.

Aim: Depression, a prevalent mental disorder, significantly impairs the quality of life and social functioning. Targeting neuroinflammation is a promising therapeutic approach, highlighting the need for natural neuroprotective agents. Gypenosides (Gyp) from Gynostemma pentaphyllum exhibit anxiolytic and antidepressant effects, yet the underlying mechanisms remain unclear.

Gypenoside L inhibits hepatocellular carcinoma by targeting the SREBP2-HMGCS1 axis and enhancing immune response.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a malignant tumor that occurs in the liver, with a high degree of malignancy and relatively poor prognosis. Gypenoside L has inhibitory effects on liver cancer cells. However, its mechanism of action is still unclear.

Protective effect of heat-processed on high fat diet-induced glucose metabolic disorders mice.

Glucose metabolic disorders (GMD) can promote insulin resistance (IR) and diabetes, and damage liver and kidney. is commonly used in the clinical treatment of diabetes, but the research on its main active constituents and GMD has not been reported yet. This study explores the therapeutic potential of gypenosides of heat-processed (HGyp) on high-fat diet-induced GMD in mice.

Saponins derived from Gynostemma pentaphyllum regulate triglyceride and cholesterol metabolism and the mechanisms: A review.

Ethnopharmacological Relevance: Gynostemma pentaphyllum (Thunb.) Makino (G. pentaphyllum) can be used for both medicinal and tea and has lipid-lowering properties.

The Content and Principle of the Rare Ginsenosides Produced from after Heat Treatment.

Ginsenoside Rg3, Rk1, and Rg5, rare ginsenosides from , have many pharmacological effects, which have attracted extensive attention. They can be obtained through the heat treatment of . In this study, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and thermal gravity-differential thermal gravity (TG-DTG) were employed to investigate this process and the content change in ginsenosides was analyzed using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS).

Gypenosides suppress hepatocellular carcinoma cells by blocking cholesterol biosynthesis through inhibition of MVA pathway enzyme HMGCS1.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common malignant tumors with high morbidity and mortality. Targeting abnormal cholesterol metabolism is a potential therapeutic direction. Therefore, more natural drugs targeting cholesterol in HCC need to be developed.

Liver lipidomics analysis reveals the anti-obesity and lipid-lowering effects of gypnosides from heat-processed Gynostemma pentaphyllum in high-fat diet fed mice.

Background: In traditional Chinese medicine, Gynostemma pentaphyllum (G. pentaphyllum) is widely used to treat conditions associated with hyperlipidemia, and its therapeutic potential has been demonstrated in numerous studies. However, the mechanism of lipid metabolism in hyperlipidemic by G.

Comprehensive serum metabolomics and network analysis to reveal the mechanism of gypenosides in treating lung cancer and enhancing the pharmacological effects of cisplatin.

Gypenosides (GYP) exerted anticancer activity against various cancers. However, the mechanism of GYP against lung cancer (LC) remains unclear. This study aims to reveal the potential mechanism of GYP against LC and enhancing cisplatin efficacy using a comprehensive analysis of metabolomics, network analysis.

Effects of heat-processed Gynostemma pentaphyllum on high-fat diet-fed mice of obesity and functional analysis on network pharmacology and molecular docking strategy.

Ethnopharmacological Relevance: Gynostemma pentaphyllum has been used as traditional medicine for many diseases, including metabolic syndrome (Mets), aging, diabetes, neurodegenerative diseases in China, some East Asian and Southeast Asian countries. It was shown that G. pentaphyllum and gypenosides had anti-obesity and cholesterol-lowering effects too.

Gypenoside L and Gypenoside LI Inhibit Proliferation in Renal Cell Carcinoma Regulation of the MAPK and Arachidonic Acid Metabolism Pathways.

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) has the highest mortality rate of all urological malignancies. Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) accounts for approximately 80% of all RCC cases and is often accompanied by the accumulation of lipid droplets. Growing evidence indicates that ccRCC is a metabolism-related disease.

Anatomical and Chemical Characterization of Species from South Korea.

species () are large deciduous trees distributed throughout Korea. Although their root and stem bark have been used to treat gastrointestinal diseases and wounds in folk medicine, commercial products are consumed without any standardization. Therefore, we examined anatomical and chemical differences among five species in South Korea.

[Simultaneous quantitative analysis of nine saponins in Gynostemma pentaphyllum before and after heat processing based on UPLC-Q-Trap-MS].

Heat-processed Gynostemma pentaphyllum has strong biological activity, and saponins are the main components. To investigate the changes of saponins in G. pentaphyllum before and after heat processing, the present study determined and analyzed the content of nine saponins in G.

Gypenoside LI arrests the cell cycle of breast cancer in G0/G1 phase by down-regulating E2F1.

Ethnopharmacological Relevance: Gynostemma pentaphyllum (Thunb.) Makino, a traditional medicine in China, has been widely used for the treatment of various diseases. Gypenoside LI (Gyp LI) is a major constituent from steamed G.

Mechanism of gypenosides of Gynostemma pentaphyllum inducing apoptosis of renal cell carcinoma by PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway.

Ethnopharmacological Relevance: Gynostemma pentaphyllum (Thunb.) Makino is a traditional medicine commonly used in China, East Asia and Southeast Asia. In clinic, it is mainly used for hyperlipidemia and antitumor.

Protective effects of four new saponins from Gynostemma pentaphyllum against hydrogen peroxide-induced neurotoxicity in SH-SY5Y cells.

Gynostemma pentaphyllum has been used as a medicine-food homologious health product in China for a long time. This research aimed to isolate and identify its active compounds with protective effects against hydrogen peroxide induced SH-SY5Y cell death. Four new dammarane-type saponins were isolated from G.

Simultaneous determination of calycosin, prim--glucosylcimifugin, and paeoniflorin in rat plasma by HPLC-MS/MS: application in the pharmacokinetic analysis of HQCF.

Objective: This study aimed to develop and validate a high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method to simultaneously determine three bioactive components of the Huangqi Chifeng decoction (HQCF) in rat plasma.

Methods: Taxol was used as an internal standard in the developed method. Chromatographic separation was performed on a C column using a gradient elution with 0.

Dammarane-type saponins from and their cytotoxicities.

Heat-processed has shown strong activity against human lung carcinoma A549 cells. In this study, two dammarane-type saponins together with two known compounds were isolated from the ethanol extract of the heat-processed leaves of . They were identified as 2,3,12-trihydroxydammar-20(22),24-diene-3---D-glucopyranoside (, namely damulin E), 2,3,12-trihydroxydammar-20,24-diene-3---D-glucopyranoside (, namely damulin F), damulin A () and damulin B (), respectively, using NMR and mass spectra.

Monomer gypenoside LI from Gynostemma pentaphyllum inhibits cell proliferation and upregulates expression of miR-128-3p in melanoma cells.

Gypenosides have anticancer activity against many cancers. Gypenoside LI is a gypenoside monomer from Gynostemma pentaphyllum, its pharmacological functions in melanoma have not been reported. In this study, we found that gypenoside LI had a potent cytotoxic effect on melanoma cells.

[Protective effects of flavonoids from Gynostemma pentaphyllum on oxidative damage in LLC-PK1 cells].

Four flavonoids were isolated from Gynostemma pentaphyllum by chromatography methods and their structures were identified by MS and NMR spectra data as quercetin-3-O-( 2″,6″-di-α-L-rhamnosyl)-β-D-galactopyranoside( 1),quercetin-3-O-( 2″,6″-di-α-L-rhamnosyl)-β-D-glucopyranoside( 2),quercetin-3-O-( 2″-α-L-rhamnosyl)-β-D-galactopyranoside( 3),and quercetin-3-O-( 2″-α-L-rhamnosyl)-β-D-glucopyranoside( 4). Among them,compounds 1-3 were obtained from the Cucurbitaceae family for the first time.The four flavonoids showed potent antioxidant effects against the DPPH,·OH and ■radicals in vitro,especially for DPPH radical scavenging activity with the IC50 values of 71.

Inhibitory Effect of Damulin B from Gynostemma pentaphyllum on Human Lung Cancer Cells.

Damulin B, a dammarane-type saponin from steamed , exhibits the strongest activity against human lung carcinoma A549 cells among the isolated active saponins. In this study, the structure-activity relationship of a series of saponin compounds was discussed. The inhibitory effect of damulin B on human lung cancer A549 and H1299 cells was investigated from apoptosis, cell cycle, and migration aspects.

Novel dammarane-type saponins from and their neuroprotective effect.

Three novel dammarane-type saponins, 2,3,12,20(),24()-pentahydroxydammar-25-ene-3---D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)--D-glucopyranosyl-20---D-glucopyranoside (, namely gypenoside J1), 2,3,12,20(),25-pentahydroxydammar-23-ene-3---D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)--D-glucopyranosyl-20---D-glucopyranoside (, namely gypenoside J2) and 2,3,12,20(S)-tetrahydroxydammar-25-en-24-one-3---D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)--D-glucopyranosyl-20---D-xylopyranosyl-(1→6)--D-glucopyranoside (, namely gypenoside J3) along with one known gypenoside (gypenoside LVII) were isolated from the aerial parts of using various chromatographic methods. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of IR, 1D- (H and C), 2D-NMR spectroscopy (HSQC, HMBC and COSY), and mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS). Their activity was tested using CCK-8 assay.