Tomorrow's genome medicine in lung cancer.

Tomorrow's genome medicine in lung cancer should focus more on the homogeneity and heterogeneity of lung cancer which play an important role in the development of drug resistance, genetic complexity, as well as confusion and difficulty of early diagnosis and therapy. Chromosome positioning and repositioning may contribute to the sensitivity of lung cancer cells to therapy, the heterogeneity associated with drug resistance, and the mechanism of lung carcinogenesis. The CCCTC-binding factor plays critical roles in genome topology and function, increased risk of carcinogenicity, and potential of lung cancer-specific mediations.

Computed tomography and histopathological evaluation of osteitis in rabbit models with rhinosinusitis.

Conclusions: There is clear correspondence between HU and histopathological evaluation of osteitis. It is feasible to evaluate bone remodeling in rabbit models with rhinosinusitis by measuring the HU.

Objective: The objective of this study was to determine whether the HUs of rabbit CRS models can be used to objectively evaluate the degree of osteitis.

Metabolic reprogramming of carcinoma-associated fibroblasts and its impact on metabolic heterogeneity of tumors.

Tumor metabolism is characterized with up-regulated glucose uptake and glycolytic rate of tumor cells as the source of ATP and tumors growth, and regulated by a poorly defined combination of cell-intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Metabolic heterogeneity of human tumors is dependent upon the mutational status of specific oncogenes and influenced by tumor microenvironment. Carcinoma-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) adapt in a dynamic manner to the metabolic needs of cancer cells, associated with tumorigenesis and resistance to treatments.

β-Cryptoxanthin Reduced Lung Tumor Multiplicity and Inhibited Lung Cancer Cell Motility by Downregulating Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor α7 Signaling.

Despite the consistent association between a higher intake of the provitamin A carotenoid β-cryptoxanthin (BCX) and a lower risk of lung cancer among smokers, potential mechanisms supporting BCX as a chemopreventive agent are needed. We first examined the effects of BCX on 4-[methyl nitrosamino]-1-[3-pyridyl]-1-butanone (NNK)-induced lung tumorigenesis in A/J mice. BCX supplementation was given daily to the mice starting 2 weeks prior to the injection of NNK and continued 16 weeks after NNK injection.

The Effect of Growth Hormone on Lipid Accumulation or Maturation in Adipocytes.

Background: Adipogenesis of adipocytes includes two stages: initiation and maturation. Growth hormone (GH) secretion is decreased in obese subjects and GH levels are inversely correlated with abdominal fat mass. The effects of growth hormone (GH) on lipids accumulation or maturation of adipocytes remains elusive.

Roles of Telocytes in the Development of Angiogenesis.

Telocytes are cells with telopodes, which distinguish them from other interstitial cells. According to the study of lung, it was confirmed that telocytes were mainly distributed in the alveolar interstitial tissues connected tightly with alveolar epithelia cells and participated in the structure of air-blood barrier, in the small vein and bronchioles and in the interstitial space of smooth muscle participated in the frame structure of the blood and bronchioles. Telocytes are positive to CD34 and C-kit which expressed on the surface of hemopoietic stem cells, and are proposed to participate in the angiogenesis.

The History of Telocyte Discovery and Understanding.

Telocytes (TCs) are identified as a peculiar cell type of interstitial cells in various organs. The typical features of TCs from the other cells are the extending cellular process as telopodes with alternation of podomeres and podoms. Before the year of 2010, TCs were considered as interstitial Cajal-like cells because of the similar morphology and immunohistochemical features with interstitial cells of Cajal which were found more than 100 years ago and considered to be pacemakers for gut motility.

IL-13 Type 2 Innate Lymphoid Cells Correlate with Asthma Control Status and Treatment Response.

Type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) have been shown to produce large amounts of type 2 cytokines in a non-antigen-specific manner. These cytokines act upstream and downstream of ILC2 and are increasingly common in asthma drug development, thus warranting a closer investigation of the mechanism-related clinical manifestations of ILC2 in the selection of patients with asthma. We hypothesized that IL-13ILC2s in the circulation might correlate with asthma control status as a result of persistent T-helper cell type 2 (Th2) inflammation in the lung.

Regulatory mechanisms of TGF-β1-induced fibrogenesis of human alveolar epithelial cells.

Pulmonary fibrosis is characterized by an extensive activation of fibrogenic cells and deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM). Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis, probably through the epithelial- to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and ECM production. The present study investigates potential mechanism by which TGF-β1 induces EMT and ECM production in the fibrogenesis of human lung epithelial cells during pulmonary fibrosis.

Drug resistance in ALK-positiveNon-small cell lungcancer patients.

Patients are diagnosed as anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) positive, i.e. exhibiting the ALK rearrangement, and comprise 3-7% of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cases.

IL-27 attenuates airway inflammation in a mouse asthma model via the STAT1 and GADD45γ/p38 MAPK pathways.

Background: Asthma is prone to Th2-mediated chronic airway inflammation. Interleukin-27 (IL-27) is a member of the IL-12 family that promotes the differentiation of Th1 cells and inhibits Th2 cells. We use human/mouse CD4 T cells to see whether IL-27 could inhibit IL-4 production in vitro and then observe whether IL-27 administration could alleviate allergic airway inflammation in vivo by mice asthma model.

Roles of immune microenvironment heterogeneity in therapy-associated biomarkers in lung cancer.

Lung cancer development is a complex and dynamic progression with cancer cell mutations itself and its' orchestrate with the tumor microenvironment. Targeted therapies have been stated to heterogeneous lung cancer mutations while have a modest consequence. The tumor immune microenvironment influences lung cancer outcome by balancing the suppressive versus cytotoxic responses.

The impact of heterogeneity in phosphoinositide 3-kinase pathway in human cancer and possible therapeutic treatments.

Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase catalytic subunit alpha (PIK3CA) plays a crucial role in the initiation and progress of cancerous tumors through the overexpression of the PI3K pathway promoting uncontrollable levels of cell proliferation. In addition only Class I PI3K has been discovered to be involved in human cancer due to its unique ability to produce phosphoinositide 3,4,5 trisphosphate (PIP3), which has been discovered to play a crucial role in human oncogenesis. The role of PIK3CA is lucubrated in breast cancer and gastric cancer, but is not well characterized in lung diseases.

Effect of memory CD4 T cells' signal transducer and activator of transcription (STATs) functional shift on cytokine-releasing properties in asthma.

Background: Recent data have demonstrated that long-lived memory T cells are present in the human lung and can play significant roles in the pathogenesis of specific allergic and autoimmune diseases. However, most evidence has been obtained from mouse studies, and the potential roles of memory T cells in human allergic diseases, such as asthma, remain largely unknown.

Methods: Thirty-three asthmatics, 26 chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients, and 22 healthy volunteers were enrolled in this study.

Role of osteopontin in lung cancer evolution and heterogeneity.

Patients with lung cancer still have high mortality, recurrence rate after adjuvant treatment, and poor five-year survival rates, despite of advances in multidisciplinary anti-cancer therapies, e.g. chemotherapy, radiotherapy and targeted therapies, It depends upon the presence of intratumoral heterogeneity and complexity of lung cancer.

Role of epigenetics in lung cancer heterogeneity and clinical implication.

Lung cancer, as a highly heterogeneous disease, can be initiated and progressed through the interaction between permanent genetic mutations and dynamic epigenetic alterations. However, the mediating mechanisms of epigenetics in cancer heterogeneity remain unclear. The evolution of cancer, the existence of cancer stem cells (CSCs) and the phenomenon of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) have been reported to be involved in lung cancer heterogeneity.

Correlation between mucin biology and tumor heterogeneity in lung cancer.

Mucins (MUC) are a family consisting of large O-glycoproteins whose primary functions are to protect and lubricate cell epithelial surfaces and contribute to intra- and inter-cellular signal pathways, cell proliferation, growth and apotosis. With the development of new technologies, MUCs begin to be identified as an effective marker in evaluating the tumor heterogeneity in lung cancer. MUCs' diverse expressions in subtypes of lung cancer indicate the inter-tumor heterogeneity.

Prediction of the originating site of sinonasal inverted papilloma by preoperative magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography.

Background: Precise localization and excision of the originating site of a sinonasal inverted papilloma (SNIP) is essential for decreasing tumor recurrence. In this study we evaluated the use of preoperative computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to pinpoint the attachment/originating sites of SNIPs in 143 patients.

Methods: Osteitis signs in CTs and convoluted cerebriform pattern (CCP)-based reverse tracings from MRIs of 143 SNIP patients were analyzed preoperatively to predict the originating site of SNIPs.

Systems heterogeneity: An integrative way to understand cancer heterogeneity.

The concept of systems heterogeneity was firstly coined and explained in the Special Issue, as a new alternative to understand the importance and complexity of heterogeneity in cancer. Systems heterogeneity can offer a full image of heterogeneity at multi-dimensional functions and multi-omics by integrating gene or protein expression, epigenetics, sequencing, phosphorylation, transcription, pathway, or interaction. The Special Issue starts with the roles of epigenetics in the initiation and development of cancer heterogeneity through the interaction between permanent genetic mutations and dynamic epigenetic alterations.

Diversity of T cytokine profiles in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis: A multicenter study in Europe, Asia, and Oceania.

Background: To date, no study has evaluated the diversity of T cell cytokine patterns of patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) among centers in different continents using identical methods.

Objective: We sought to assess T cytokine profiles in patients with CRS from Europe, Asia, and Australia.

Methods: Patients with chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) and without nasal polyps (CRSsNP; n = 435) and control subjects (n = 138) were recruited from centers in Adelaide, Benelux, Berlin, Beijing, Chengdu, and Tochigi.

Actinidia chinensis Planch root extract (acRoots) inhibits hepatocellular carcinoma progression by inhibiting EP3 expression.

A wide range of studies has demonstrated the potent anticancer activity of Chinese herbs. Here, we evaluated the anticancer activity and molecular mechanisms of Actinidia chinensis root extract (acRoots) on hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). HepG2 HCC cells were treated with various concentrations of acRoots for 72 h and examined by mRNA expression profiling, revealing alterations in cellular immunity, inflammation, proliferation, cell cycle, and metabolic signaling responses.

Telocytes and lung disease.

Telocytes (TCs) represent a new distinct type of interstitial cells found in many organs, including lungs. TCs are mainly defined by a small cellular body from which arise very long (hundreds of micrometers) extensions named telopodes. During the last years, TCs were characterized in respect with their microRNA profiles, gene features and proteome signatures.

Histone deacetylase inhibitor induces cell apoptosis and cycle arrest in lung cancer cells via mitochondrial injury and p53 up-acetylation.

The reversibility of non-genotoxic phenotypic changes has been explored in order to develop novel preventive and therapeutic approaches for cancer. Quisinostat (JNJ-26481585), a novel second-generation histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDACi), has efficient therapeutic actions on non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell. The present study aims at investigating underlying molecular mechanisms involved in the therapeutic activity of quisinostat on NSCLC cells.