Accurate classification of pulmonary nodules by a combined model of clinical, imaging, and cell-free DNA methylation biomarkers: a model development and external validation study.

Background: There is an unmet clinical need for accurate non-invasive tests to facilitate the early diagnosis of lung cancer. We propose a combined model of clinical, imaging, and cell-free DNA methylation biomarkers that aims to improve the classification of pulmonary nodules.

Methods: We conducted a prospective specimen collection and retrospective masked evaluation study.