Altered brain glymphatic function on diffusion-tensor MRI in patients with spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage: an exploratory study.

Objectives: To investigate the function of the glymphatic system (GS) and its association with neuropsychological tests in spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (sICH) by diffusion tensor imaging analysis along the perivascular space (DTI-ALPS).

Methods: This retrospective study included 58 patients with sICH and 63 age- and sex-matched healthy controls (HCs). Partial correlation analyses were performed to examine the relationships between the DTI-ALPS index and radiological as well as clinical data.

Ligand-Enabled Cu-Catalyzed Stereoselective Synthesis of P-Stereogenic ProTides.

Nucleoside analogues have seen significant advancements in treating viral infections and cancer through ProTide technology, leading to a series of FDA-approved drugs such as sofosbuvir, tenofovir alafenamide, and remdesivir. The stereochemical configuration at the phosphorus center of ProTides significantly influences their pharmacological properties, necessitating efficient stereoselective synthesis. Traditional methods using chiral auxiliaries or nonracemic phosphorylating agents are labor-intensive and inefficient, while recent organocatalytic approaches, despite their promise, still face limitations.

Tissue-engineered Bicipital Autologous Tendon Patch Enhances Massive Rotator Cuff Defect Repair in a Rabbit Infraspinatus Tendon Defect Model.

Background: Massive rotator cuff defects represent an important source of shoulder pain and functional debilitation, substantially diminishing patients' quality of life. The primary treatment of massive rotator cuff defects includes complete or partial repair and patch augmentation. However, because of the tendon's limited regenerative ability, the tendon retear risk after rotator cuff defect repair is still high.

A real-time working memory evaluation system for macaques in microwave fields.

With the development and widespread application of electromagnetic technology, the health hazards of electromagnetic radiation have attracted much attention and concern. The effect of electromagnetic radiation on the nervous system, especially on learning, memory, and cognitive functions, is an important research topic in the field of electromagnetic biological effects. Most previous studies were conducted with rodents, which are relatively mature.

Overview of growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) in metabolic diseases.

GDF15 is a stress response cytokine and a distant member of the transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) superfamily, its levels increase in response to cell stress and certain diseases in the serum. To exert its effects, GDF15 binds to glial-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) receptor alpha-like (GFRAL), which was firstly identified in 2017 and highly expressed in the brain stem. Many studies have demonstrated that elevated serum GDF15 is associated with anorexia and weight loss.

A Review of Cerebrospinal Fluid Circulation and the Pathogenesis of Congenital Hydrocephalus.

The brain's ventricles are filled with a colorless fluid known as cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). When there is an excessive accumulation of CSF in the ventricles, it can result in high intracranial pressure, ventricular enlargement, and compression of the surrounding brain tissue, leading to potential damage. This condition is referred to as hydrocephalus.

Characterization of key aroma compounds in soy sauce flavor baijiu by molecular sensory science combined with aroma active compounds reverse verification method.

The distinctive flavor profile of soy sauce flavor baijiu (SAB) is shaped by its unique aroma compounds. The characteristic aroma compounds in Langjiu soy sauce flavor baijiu (LSAB) were explored based on molecular sensory science. A total of 66 aroma active compounds were identified by gas chromatography-olfactometry (GC-O) combined with aroma extract dilution analysis (AEDA), and 6 important unknown sulfur compounds were identified using the aroma active compounds reverse verification method (ACRVW).

Effects of 90 dB pure tone exposure on auditory and cardio-cerebral system functions in macaque monkeys.

Excessive noise exposure presents significant health risks to humans, affecting not just the auditory system but also the cardiovascular and central nervous systems. This study focused on three male macaque monkeys as subjects. 90 dB sound pressure level (SPL) pure tone exposure (frequency: 500Hz, repetition rate: 40Hz, 1 min per day, continuously exposed for 5 days) was administered.

Acute exposure of microwave impairs attention process by activating microglial inflammation.

Background: Attention provides the foundation for cognitions, which was shown to be affected by microwave (MW) radiation. With the ubiquitous of microwaves, public concerns regarding the impact of MW radiation on attention has hence been increased. Our study aims to investigate the potential effect and mechanism of acute microwave exposure on attention.

Prefrontal cortex activity of active motion, cyclic electrical muscle stimulation, assisted motion, and imagery of wrist extension in stroke using fNIRS.

Objectives: This study aimed to determine whether the prefrontal cortex (PFC) was activated during four training approaches for wrist extension in patients with stroke, including active motion, cyclic electrical muscle stimulation (EMS), assisted motion, and motor imagery (MI).

Materials And Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study involving 16 patients with stroke, and adopted functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) to observe PFC activity during four treatment paradigms. The beta value of 53 channels in fNIRS under each paradigm, compared to the baseline, was evaluated using single sample t-test.

Update on neurobiological mechanisms of fear: illuminating the direction of mechanism exploration and treatment development of trauma and fear-related disorders.

Fear refers to an adaptive response in the face of danger, and the formed fear memory acts as a warning when the individual faces a dangerous situation again, which is of great significance to the survival of humans and animals. Excessive fear response caused by abnormal fear memory can lead to neuropsychiatric disorders. Fear memory has been studied for a long time, which is of a certain guiding effect on the treatment of fear-related disorders.

Neural Oscillation Disorder in the Hippocampal CA1 Region of Different Alzheimer's Disease Mice.

Background: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a well-known neurodegenerative disease that gradually induces neural network dysfunction and progressive memory deficits. Neural network activity is represented by rhythmic oscillations that influence local field potentials (LFPs). However, changes in hippocampal neural rhythmic oscillations in the early stage of AD remain largely unexplored.

900 MHZ electromagnetic field exposure relieved AD-like symptoms on APP/PS1 mice: A potential non-invasive strategy for AD treatment.

Background: Evidence shows that microwaves radiation may have various biological effects on central nervous system. Role of electromagnetic fields in neurodegenerative diseases, especially AD, has been widely studied, but results of these studies are inconsistent. Therefore, the above effects were verified again and the mechanism was preliminarily discussed.

Distal Humeral Trochlear Geometry Associated With the Spatial Variation of the Dynamic Elbow Flexion Axis.

The complexity of the spatial dynamic flexion axis (DFA) of the elbow joint makes the elbow prosthesis design and humeral component alignment challenging. This study aimed to 1) investigate the variations of the spatial DFA during elbow flexion and 2) investigate the relationship between the distal humeral trochlear geometry and the spatial variation of the DFA. Ten healthy subjects participated in this study.

Associations Between a Polymorphism in the Rat 5-HT Receptor Gene Promoter Region (rs198585630) and Cognitive Alterations Induced by Microwave Exposure.

The nervous system is a sensitive target of electromagnetic radiation (EMR). Chronic microwave exposure can induce cognitive deficits, and 5-HT system is involved in this effect. Genetic polymorphisms lead to individual differences.

Acute High Level Noise Exposure Can Cause Physiological Dysfunction in Macaque Monkeys: Insight on the Medical Protection for Special Working Environmental Personnel.

The high level noise caused by intense acoustic weapons and blasting is a common source of acute acoustic trauma faced by some special environmental personnel. Studies have shown that high level noise can cause auditory and non-auditory effects. However, there are few reports on the biological effects, especially the non-auditory effects of acute high level noise exposure in simulated special working environments, and the great differences between experimental animals and human beings make it difficult to extrapolate from research conclusions.

Well-Placed Acetabular Component Oriented Outside the Safe Zone During Weight-Bearing Daily Activities.

A comprehensive and thorough understanding of functional acetabular component orientation is essential for optimizing the clinical outcome after total hip arthroplasty (THA). This study aimed to quantify the functional acetabular anteversion and inclination of unilateral THA patients during walking and static standing and to determine whether the functional acetabular orientation falls within the Lewinnek safe zone. Seventeen patients with unilateral THA received a CT scan and dual fluoroscopic imaging during level walking and static standing to evaluate hip kinematics.

Optimizing the Femoral Offset for Restoring Physiological Hip Muscle Function in Patients With Total Hip Arthroplasty.

Objective: Femoral offset (FO) restoration is significantly correlated with functional recovery following total hip arthroplasty (THA). Accurately assessing the effects of FO changes on hip muscles following THA would help improve function and optimize functional outcomes. The present study aimed to (1) identify the impact of FO side difference on the hip muscle moment arms following unilateral THA during gait and (2) propose the optimal FO for a physiological hip muscle function.

Effectiveness of different types of skin grafting for treating venous leg ulcers: A protocol for systematic review and network meta-analysis.

Background: Venous leg ulcers (VLUs) are the most common ulcer on the lower extremity, with 4% of patients over the age of 65 suffering from VLUs worldwide. As a recurrent, chronic, disabling disease, VLUs are associated with prolonged disability, substantial socioeconomic impact, and significant psychosocial morbidity. At present, Skin grating is one of the most effective treatments for non-healing ulcers.

Adverse effects of total hip arthroplasty on the hip abductor and adductor muscle lengths and moment arms during gait.

Background: Precise evaluation of the hip abductor and adductor muscles function in total hip arthroplasty (THA) patients during gait could help prevent postoperative complications and optimize the rehabilitation training program. The purpose of this study was to elucidate the effects of THA on the hip abductor and adductor muscle lengths and moment arms of in vivo patients during gait.

Methods: Ten unilateral THA patients received CT scans and dual fluoroscopic imaging for the hip kinematics during gait.

Endogenous cortisol-related alterations of right anterior insula functional connectivity under acute stress.

Background: Previous studies have suggested that the right anterior insula (rAI) plays a vital role in salience processing and stress-related disorders. In this study, we aimed to investigate the relationship between rAI functional connectivity changes and individual differences in cortisol responses after acute stress, in order to provide insights into psychiatric illness vulnerabilities.

Methods: Thirty-five young men were enrolled in a randomized, counterbalanced two-session study, with aversive movie clip combined with electrical shocks as stress stimulation and the neutral movie clip as control stimulation.

Neuroticism is associated with altered resting-state functional connectivity of amygdala following acute stress exposure.

The amygdala, a subcortical structure responsible for fear and vigilance, is central to the stress circuitry. Aberrant amygdala connectivity with the cortical and subcortical regions is found in patients with stress-related disorders, and in healthy subjects following acute stress exposure. However, the extent to which the stress-induced alteration of amygdala functional connectivity correlates with risk-related personality measures remains unclear.

Microwave radiation leading to shrinkage of dendritic spines in hippocampal neurons mediated by SNK-SPAR pathway.

The popularization of microwave raised concerns about its influence on health including cognitive function which is associated greatly with dendritic spines plasticity. SNK-SPAR is a molecular pathway for neuronal homeostatic plasticity during chronically elevated activity. In this study, Wistar rats were exposed to microwaves (30 mW/cm for 6 min, 3 times/week for 6 weeks).