A chloroplast localized heavy metal-associated domain containing protein regulates grain calcium accumulation in rice.

Calcium (Ca) is an essential mineral nutrient and plays a crucial signaling role in all living organisms. Increasing Ca content in staple foods such as rice is vital for improving Ca nutrition of humans. Here we map a quantitative trait locus that controls Ca concentration in rice grains and identify the causal gene as GCSC1 (Grain Ca and Sr Concentrations 1), which encodes a chloroplast vesicle localized homo-oligomeric protein.

Neuroprotective Effects of Phenolic Constituents from Drynariae Rhizoma.

This study aimed to provide scientific data on the anti-Alzheimer's disease (AD) effects of phenolic compounds from Drynariae Rhizoma (DR) extract using a multi-component approach. Screening of DR extracts, fractions, and the ten phenolic compounds isolated from DR against the key AD-related enzymes acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), β-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1), and monoamine oxidase-B (MAO-B) confirmed their significant inhibitory activities. The DR extract was confirmed to have BACE1-inhibitory activity, and the ethyl acetate and butanol fractions were found to inhibit all AD-related enzymes, including BACE1, AChE, BChE, and MAO-B.

The OsZIP2 transporter is involved in root-to-shoot translocation and intervascular transfer of cadmium in rice.

Cadmium (Cd) is a toxic metal that poses serious threats to human health. Rice is a major source of dietary Cd but how rice plants transport Cd to the grain is not fully understood. Here, we characterize the function of the ZIP (ZRT, IRT-like protein) family protein, OsZIP2, in the root-to-shoot translocation of Cd and intervascular transfer of Cd in nodes.

Phytochemical constituents from rhizomes of and their anti-inflammatory activity.

The phytochemical investigation on the rhizomes of (Dryopteridaceae) resulted in the discovery of one novel compound, drycrassirhizomamide A (), and one new natural product, drycrassirhizomamide B (), as well as four known isolates, ()-(-)--benzoylphenylalaninol (), blumenol A (), 8--glucosylnoreugenin (), and dryopteroside (). Their chemical structures were identified by NMR and mass spectroscopy. Compounds were determined to be 1,19-diethyl 10-oxo-2,9,11,18-tetraazanonadecanedioate and ,'-diethyl ,'-1,6-hexanediylbis[carbamate].

Antioxidative and Cytoprotective Effects of Ganoderma applanatum and Fomitopsis pinicola in PC12 Adrenal Phaeochromocytoma Cells.

Considering the impact of oxidative stress on the development of many diseases, together with the role of natural antioxidants in maintaining physiological balance in humans, medicinal mushrooms are potential sources of bioactive compounds against many diseases. In the present work, in vitro evaluation of the biological activities of the alcoholic extracts of two wild tree mushrooms, namely, Ganoderma applanatum and Fomitopsis pinicola, has been performed. Extraction of G.

Combination of Sanguisorbigenin and Conventional Antibiotic Therapy for Methicillin-Resistant : Inhibition of Biofilm Formation and Alteration of Cell Membrane Permeability.

Methicillin-resistant (MRSA) infection is challenging to eradicate because of antibiotic resistance and biofilm formation. Novel antimicrobial agents and alternative therapies are urgently needed. This study aimed to evaluate the synergy of sanguisorbigenin (SGB) isolated from L.

Eleutheroside K Isolated from Acanthopanax henryi (Oliv.) Harms Inhibits the Expression of Virulence-Related Exoproteins in Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus.

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus (S.) aureus (MRSA) is a representative pathogen that produces numerous virulence factors involving manifold cytotoxins and exotoxins. The present study was designed to investigate the influence of Eleutheroside K (ETSK), a single compound isolated from the leaves of Acanthopanax (A.

: Review of Botany, Phytochemistry and Pharmacology.

(Oliv.) Harms (Araliaceae), also known as and () in Chinese, is a widely used traditional Chinese herb with the effects of expelling wind and removing dampness, relaxing the muscles and stimulating the blood circulation, and regulating the flow of to alleviate pain in the theory of Traditional Chinese Medicine. (AH, thereafter) possesses ginseng-like activities and is known as ginseng-like herb.

Dracocephalum moldavica attenuates scopolamine-induced cognitive impairment through activation of hippocampal ERK-CREB signaling in mice.

Ethnopharmacological Relevance: Dracocephalum moldavica (Moldavian balm) has been traditionally used for the treatment of intellectual disabilities, migraines and cardiovascular problems in East Asia. Recent scientific studies have demonstrated the usefulness of this plant to treat neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's disease.

Aim Of The Study: This study aimed to investigate the effects of the ethanolic extract of D.

Three Novel Monoterpenoid Glycosides From Fruits Of .

The phytochemical investigation on the fruits of (Araliaceae) resulted in the discovery of three novel monoterpene glycosides, eleuhenryiside A (), eleuhenryiside B (), and eleuhenryiside C (), as well as a known lignan, (-)-kobusin (). Their chemical structures were elucidated by mass, 1 D- and 2 D-NMR spectroscopy. The chemical structures of new compounds were determined to be (2,6)-6-hydroxy-2,6-dimethyl-2,7-octadien-1-yl-(6'--acetyl)---glucopyranoside, (2,6)-6-hydroxy-2,6-dimethyl-2,7-octadien-1-yl-(6'--acetyl)---glucopyranoside, and (-)-(4 )-4,7-dihydroxy-1-menthene 7---glucopyranoside, respectively.

Rubrofusarin-6-β-gentiobioside inhibits lipid accumulation and weight gain by regulating AMPK/mTOR signaling.

Background: Although rubrofusarin-6-β-gentiobioside (RFG), which is a component of Cassiae tora seed, could likely regulate hyperlipidemia, its anti-obesity effect and related mechanism have not been elucidated.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to examine whether RFG can ameliorate obesity and the mechanism of lipid accumulation regulated by RFG.

Study Design: In in vitro experiments, we confirmed the anti-adipogenic effect of RFG using 3T3-L1 cells and human adipose mesenchymal stem cells (hAMSCs).

Chemical Constituents and an Antineuroinflammatory Lignan, Savinin from the Roots of .

The phytochemical investigation on the roots of (Araliaceae) resulted in the discovery of twenty compounds whose chemical structures were elucidated by the analysis of 1D-, 2D-NMR, mass spectrometry data, other physicochemical properties, and a comparison of the spectral data with the literature. They were identified as (-)-sesamin (), helioxanthin (), savinin (), taiwanin C (), 6-methoxy-7-hydroxycoumarin (), behenic acid (), 3--caffeoyl-quinic acid (), 5--caffeoyl-quinic acid (), 1,3-di--caffeoyl-quinic acid (), 1,4-di--caffeoyl-quinic acid (), 1,5-di--caffeoyl-quinic acid (), (+)--(7,8)-guaiacylglycerol--coniferyl aldehyde ether (), (+)--(7,8)-guaiacylglycerol--coniferyl aldehyde ether (), ferulic acid (), caffeic acid (), stigmasterol (), -sitosterol (), adenosine (), syringin (), and -coniferin (). Among these isolates, compound showed inhibitory activity against lipopolysaccharide- (LPS-) induced nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE) production with IC values of 2.

Anti-Diabetic Effects of Acankoreagenin from the Leaves of Acanthopanax Gracilistylus Herb in RIN-m5F Cells via Suppression of NF-κB Activation.

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic degenerative disease that causes long-term complications and represents a serious public health problem. In this manuscript, acankoreagenin isolated from the leaves of (LAG) is thought to possess excellent anti-diabetic properties. In vitro, anti-diabetic activities were assessed based on the inhibitory activities with α-glucosidase (IC 13.

Lupane Triterpenes from the Leaves of Acanthopanax gracilistylus.

The phytochemical study on the leaves of (Araliaceae) resulted in the discovery of a new lupane-triterpene compound, acangraciligenin S (), and a new lupane-triterpene glycoside, acangraciliside S (), as well as two known ones, 3α,11α-dihydroxy-lup-20(29)-en-23,28-dioic acid () and acankoreoside C (). Their chemical structures were elucidated by mass, 1D- and 2D-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The chemical structures of the new compounds and were determined to be 1β,3α-dihydroxy-lup-20(29)-en-23, 28-dioic acid and 1β,3α-dihydroxy-lup-20(29)-en-23,28-dioic acid 28--[α-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→4)-β-d-glucopyranosyl-(1→6)-β-d-glucopyranosyl] ester, respectively.

Inhibitory effects of lupane‑type triterpenoid saponins from the leaves of Acanthopanax gracilistylus on lipopolysaccharide-induced TNF‑α, IL‑1β and high‑mobility group box 1 release in macrophages.

Acanthopanax gracilistylus (AGS) has long been used in traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of various inflammatory diseases. 3‑O‑β‑D‑glucopyranosyl 3α, 11α‑dihydroxylup‑20(29)‑en‑28‑oic acid, acantrifoside A, acankoreoside D, acankoreoside B and acankoreoside A are major lupane‑type triterpenoid saponins derived from AGS. In the present study, these five saponins were isolated from AGS by chromatography and their anti‑inflammatory activities were investigated in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‑treated RAW264.

Antimicrobial activity and synergism of ursolic acid 3-O-α-L-arabinopyranoside with oxacillin against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.

The objective of the present study was to investigate the antibacterial activity of a single constituent, ursolic acid 3-O-α-L-arabinopyranoside (URS), isolated from the leaves of Acanthopanax henryi (Oliv.) Harms, alone and in combination with oxacillin (OXA) against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). A broth microdilution assay was used to determine the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC).

Inhibitory effects of 3α-hydroxy-lup-20(29)-en-23, 28-dioic acid on lipopolysaccharide-induced TNF-α, IL-1β, and the high mobility group box 1 release in macrophages.

We investigated the anti-inflammatory effects of 3α-hydroxy-lup-20(29)-en-23, 28-dioic acid (HLEDA)-a lupane-type triterpene isolated from leaves of Acanthopanax gracilistylus W. W.Smith (AGS), as well as the underlying molecular mechanisms in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW264.

Anti-adipogenic effect of Glycoside St-E2 and Glycoside St-C1 isolated from the leaves of Acanthopanax henryi (Oliv.) Harms in 3T3-L1 cells.

Acanthopanax henryi (Oliv.) Harms has been used in the treatment of arthritis, rheumatism, and abdominal pain. This study evaluated whether natural compounds isolated from the leaves of A.

Quantitative determination of 15 bioactive triterpenoid saponins in different parts of Acanthopanax henryi by HPLC with charged aerosol detection and confirmation by LC-ESI-TOF-MS.

Triterpenoid saponins are difficult to analyze using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to UV/vis spectrophotometry due to their lack of chromophores. This study describes the first analytical method for the determination of 15 triterpenoid saponins from the leaves, stems, root bark, and fruits of Acanthopanax henryi, using a high-performance liquid chromatography with charged aerosol detection coupled with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry method. The separation was carried out on a Kinetex XB-C18 column with an acetonitrile/water gradient as the mobile phase, followed by charged aerosol detection.

Chemical composition, anti-inflammatory activity and cytotoxic activity of the liposoluble constituents from different parts of Acanthopanax evodiaefolius by the Herbal Blitzkrieg Extractor.

The liposoluble constituents of leaves (LCL) and stem barks (LCSB) from Acanthopanax evodiaefolius Franch were extracted by Herbal Blitzkrieg Extractor (HBE), and their chemical composition was analyzed by GC-MS. 18 compounds were identified, representing 71.98% of LCL, while 35 compounds were identified, accounting for 98.

Cytotoxicity and anti-inflammatory effects of root bark extracts of Acanthopanax henryi.

Aim: To investigate the cytotoxicity, anti-inflammatory activity, and action mechanism of root bark extracts of Acanthopanax henryi.

Method: The hot methanol extract of the root bark of A. henryi was subjected to XAD-4 column chromatography eluting with a gradient of methanol in water.

Chemical constituents and their acetyl cholinesterase inhibitory and antioxidant activities from leaves of Acanthopanax henryi: potential complementary source against Alzheimer's disease.

The aim of this study was to investigate chemical constituents of the leaves of Acanthopanax henryi, and their antioxidant, acetyl cholinesterase inhibitory activities. Caffeoyl quinic acid derivates and flavonoids were obtained from A. henry, through column chromatography technologies, and the content of major constituents was determined by the HPLC-UV method.

[Study on fat-soluble components in different parts of miao ethnomedicine Pileostegia viburnoides by the herbal blitzkrieg extractor].

Objective: To study the fat-soluble components in different parts of Pileostegia viburnoides.

Methods: The fat-soluble components in different parts of Pileostegia viburnoides were extracted by Herbal Blitzkrieg Extractor (HBE), and its constituents were analyzed by GC-MS.

Results: 37 compounds from the stems, 14 compounds from the leaves were separated and identified.

Protective effect of Acanthopanax gracilistylus-extracted Acankoreanogenin A on mice with fulminant hepatitis.

The release of pro-inflammatory cytokines in both acute (IL-1β and TNF-α) and chronic [high mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1)] phases, is thought to play important roles in the development of fulminant hepatitis (FH). Triterpenoid Acankoreanogenin A (AA) which is extracted from the leaves of the Acanthopanax gracilistylus W.W.