IGSF11 and VISTA: a pair of promising immune checkpoints in tumor immunotherapy.

Immunotherapy has become the major treatment for tumors in clinical practice, but some intractable problems such as the low response rate and high rates of immune-related adverse events still hinder the progress of tumor immunotherapy. Hence, it is essential to explore additional immunotherapy treatment targets. In this review, we focus on the structure, expression and expression-related mechanisms, interactions, biological functions and the progress in preclinical/clinical research of IGSF11 and VISTA in tumors.

The downregulation of fibrinogen-like protein 1 inhibits the proliferation of lung adenocarcinoma via regulating -target genes.

Background: The mechanisms involved in the malignant progression of lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) are still inconclusive. Fibrinogen-like protein 1 () and are a pair of immune checkpoints that create an inhibitory immune microenvironment in tumors. However, other roles of in LUAD have not been extensively studied.

Immune Checkpoint LAG3 and Its Ligand FGL1 in Cancer.

LAG3 is the most promising immune checkpoint next to PD-1 and CTLA-4. High LAG3 and FGL1 expression boosts tumor growth by inhibiting the immune microenvironment. This review comprises four sections presenting the structure/expression, interaction, biological effects, and clinical application of LAG3/FGL1.

Clinical Research on the Mechanisms Underlying Immune Checkpoints and Tumor Metastasis.

This study highlights aspects of the latest clinical research conducted on the relationship between immune checkpoints and tumor metastasis. The overview of each immune checkpoint is divided into the following three sections: 1) structure and expression; 2) immune mechanism related to tumor metastasis; and 3) clinical research related to tumor metastasis. This review expands on the immunological mechanisms of 17 immune checkpoints, including TIM-3, CD47, and OX-40L, that mediate tumor metastasis; evidence shows that most of these immune checkpoints are expressed on the surface of T cells, which mainly exert immunomodulatory effects.