Immune response and apoptosis of gibel carp (Carassius auratus gibelio) gills to Chilodonella hexasticha infection: Insights from histopathological and multi-omics analyses.

Gibel carp (Carassius auratus gibelio) is an important economically farmed fish in China. Chilodonella hexasticha parasitizes on the gills and fins of host fish, causing disruption to their normal respiration and movement, ultimately resulting in death of the fish. In this study, a combination of histopathological, immunohistochemical, transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL), multi-omics, and molecular approaches were employed to identify the immune reaction and cell apoptosis in gill tissue in response to C.

Interactions between Balantidium ctenopharyngodoni and microbiota reveal its low pathogenicity in the hindgut of grass carp.

Background: Hosts, parasites, and microbiota interact with each other, forming a complex ecosystem. Alterations to the microbial structure have been observed in various enteric parasitic infections (e.g.

Alterations of gut microbiota and short-chain fatty acids induced by in the hindgut of Xenocyprinae fishes providing new insights into the relationship among protozoa, gut microbiota and host.

Introduction: Parasitic ciliates are protozoans with a global distribution. Along with the gut microbiota, they have formed a micro-ecosystem that affects the host's nutrition, metabolism, and immunity. The interactions and relationships among the three components of this microecosystem (protozoa, gut microbiota, and host) remain only partially understood.

The energy metabolism of Balantidium polyvacuolum inhabiting the hindgut of Xenocypris davidi.

Anaerobic parasitic ciliates are a specialized group of ciliates that are adapted to anoxic and oxygen-depleted habitats. Among them, Balantidium polyvacuolum, which inhabits the hindgut of Xenocyprinae fishes, has received very limited scientific attention, so the molecular mechanism of its adaptation to the digestive tract microenvironment is still unclear. In this study, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and single-cell transcriptome analysis were used to uncover the metabolism of B.

Comparative Transcriptomics of and Provide New Insights into Adaptations to a Parasitic Lifestyle and Mdivi-1 as a Potential Agent for Chilodonellosis Control.

is a harmful parasitic ciliate that can cause severe damage to fish and high mortalities worldwide. Its congeneric species, , is a facultative parasite that not only can be free-living but also can parasitize on fish gills and fins. In this study, single-cell transcriptomes of these two species were assembled and characterized.

Mitochondrial metabolism of the facultative parasite Chilodonella uncinata (Alveolata, Ciliophora).

Background: Chilodonella uncinata is an aerobic ciliate capable of switching between being free-living and parasitic on fish fins and gills, causing tissue damage and host mortality. It is widely used as a model organism for genetic studies, but its mitochondrial metabolism has never been studied. Therefore, we aimed to describe the morphological features and metabolic characteristics of its mitochondria.

The Genome of the Mitochondrion-Related Organelle in , a Large Endosymbiotic Opalinid Inhabiting the Recta of Frogs.

Mitochondrion-related organelles (MROs) are loosely defined as degenerated mitochondria in anaerobic and microaerophilic lineages. Opalinids are commonly regarded as commensals in the guts of cold-blooded amphibians. It may represent an intermediate adaptation stage between the conventional aerobic mitochondria and derived anaerobic MROs.

Transcriptomic Differences between Free-Living and Parasitic (Alveolata, Ciliophora).

is a facultatively parasitic ciliate, which can opportunistically parasitize on fish gills and fins, and sometimes even cause host mortality. Previous molecular studies of mainly focused on genetic diversity and molecular evolution. There are currently no transcriptome reports studying differences between free-living and parasitic .