Risk assessment of imported malaria in China: a machine learning perspective.

Background: Following China's official designation as malaria-free country by WHO, the imported malaria has emerged as a significant determinant impacting the malaria reestablishment within China. The objective of this study is to explore the application prospects of machine learning algorithms in imported malaria risk assessment of China.

Methods: The data of imported malaria cases in China from 2011 to 2019 was provided by China CDC; historical epidemic data of malaria endemic country was obtained from World Malaria Report, and the other data used in this study are open access data.

Competency of malaria laboratory diagnosis at national and provincial levels at the beginning of malaria post-elimination phase, China.

Background: Qualified malaria diagnosis competency has contributed to the great achievement of malaria elimination in China. After eliminating malaria, it is still critical to the prevention of re-establishment of malaria transmission in China. This study was aimed to assess the malaria detection competency at national and provincial levels in China at the beginning of malaria post-elimination phase.

Imported malaria from land bordering countries in China: A challenge in preventing the reestablishment of malaria transmission.

Objective: No indigenous malaria cases have been reported since 2017 in China, but a large number of imported cases are still reported every year, including those from the land bordering countries. To characterize their epidemiological profiles will provide evidence for the development of appropriate strategies to effectively address the challenges of border malaria in the post-elimination phase.

Methods: Individual-level data of imported malaria cases from the land bordering countries were collected from 2017 to 2021 in China via the web-based surveillance systems, and analyzed by SPSS, ArcGIS and WPS software, to explore their epidemiological profiles.

Serological surveillance on potential exposure risk in a post-elimination setting.

China was declared malaria free in June of 2021. In the post-elimination setting, vigilant surveillance is essential to sustain malaria free status. Serological surveillance has been recognized as an efficient tool for assessing the immunity levels and exposure risk in a population.

Insights into the elimination of vivax malaria in China.

Background: Malaria is caused by multiple parasitic species of the genus Plasmodium. Plasmodium vivax is the most geographically widespread and poses challenges in elimination due to its unique biological and epidemiological characteristics. The aim of study was to highlight the practices and experience targeting vivax malaria control and elimination in China.

Evolution of anti-malaria policies and measures in P.R. China for achieving and sustaining malaria-free.

Malaria is a major public health threat worldwide, and it was also widely prevalent in the history in China, seriously endangering people's health and affecting socioeconomic development. China was certified malaria elimination in 2021 with unremitting efforts since the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949. This great achievement has been another milestone in the fight against major infectious diseases following the elimination of smallpox, poliomyelitis, leprosy, filariasis, neonatal tetanus and blinding trachoma in China.

Prediction of the Risk Distributions for Anopheles sinensis, a Vector for Malaria in Shanghai, China.

Malaria is a parasitic disease caused by Plasmodium, and Anopheles sinensis is a vector of malaria. Although malaria is no longer indigenous to China, a high risk remains for local transmission of imported malaria. This study aimed to identify the risk distribution of vector An.

Establishing and applying an adaptive strategy and approach to eliminating malaria: practice and lessons learnt from China from 2011 to 2020.

On 30 June 2021, China was certified malaria-free by the World Health Organization. In this study, the evolution, performance, outcomes, and impact of China's adaptive strategy and approach for malaria elimination from 2011 to 2020 were analysed using 10-year data. The strategy and approach focused on timely detection and rapid responses to individual cases and foci.

Epidemiologic Analysis of Efforts to Achieve and Sustain Malaria Elimination along the China-Myanmar Border.

Malaria cases have dramatically declined in China along the Myanmar border, attributed mainly to adoption of the 1-3-7 surveillance and response approach. No indigenous cases have been reported in China since 2017. Counties in the middle and southern part of the border area have a higher risk for malaria importation and reestablishment after elimination.

A retrospective analysis of malaria epidemiological characteristics in Yingjiang County on the China-Myanmar border.

Yingjiang County, which is on the China-Myanmar border, is the main focus for malaria elimination in China. The epidemiological characteristics of malaria in Yingjiang County were analysed in a retrospective analysis. A total of 895 malaria cases were reported in Yingjiang County between 2013 and 2019.

Molecular surveillance of pfcrt, pfmdr1 and pfk13-propeller mutations in Plasmodium falciparum isolates imported from Africa to China.

Background: The emergence and spread of multidrug resistance poses a significant risk to malaria control and eradication goals in the world. There has been no indigenous malaria cases reported in China since 2017, and China is approaching national malaria elimination. Therefore, anti-malarial drug resistance surveillance and tracking the emergence and spread of imported drug-resistant malaria cases will be necessary in a post-elimination phase in China.

From control to elimination: a spatial-temporal analysis of malaria along the China-Myanmar border.

Background: Malaria cases have declined significantly along the China-Myanmar border in the past 10 years and this region is going through a process from control to elimination. The aim of this study is to investigate the epidemiology of malaria along the border, will identify challenges in the progress from control to elimination.

Methods: National reported malaria cases from China and Myanmar, along with the data of 18 Chinese border counties and 23 townships in Myanmar were obtained from a web-based diseases information reporting system in China and the national malaria control program of Myanmar, respectively.

The contributions and achievements on malaria control and forthcoming elimination in China over the past 70 years by NIPD-CTDR.

Although the past decades have seen a remarkable decrease in malaria-caused mortality and morbidity, the infection remains a significant challenge to global health. In the battle against malaria, China has gained notable feat and achievement since the 1940s through the efforts of several generations. Notably, China has not recorded a single indigenous malaria case since August 2016.

Contribution of NIPD-CTDR to the parasitic diseases control and elimination in China: Memory of the 70th anniversary for NIPD-CTDR.

China has achieved a great success in control and elimination of key parasitic diseases. In 2007, the elimination of lymphatic filariasis was verified by WHO. The schistosomiasis incidence and snail-distributed areas have reduced to the lowest level in the history.

Ready for malaria elimination: zero indigenous case reported in the People's Republic of China.

Background: Malaria was once one of the most serious public health problems in China. However, the disease burden has sharply declined and epidemic areas have shrunk after the implementation of an integrated malaria control and elimination strategy, especially since 2000. In this review, the lessons were distilled from the Chinese national malaria elimination programme and further efforts to mitigate the challenges of malaria resurgence are being discussed.

Mobile population dynamics and malaria vulnerability: a modelling study in the China-Myanmar border region of Yunnan Province, China.

Background: The China-Myanmar border region presents a great challenge in malaria elimination in China, and it is essential to understand the relationship between malaria vulnerability and population mobility in this region.

Methods: A community-based, cross-sectional survey was performed in five villages of Yingjiang county during September 2016. Finger-prick blood samples were obtained to identify asymptomatic infections, and imported cases were identified in each village (between January 2013 and September 2016).

[Risk assessment of secondary transmission induced by imported malaria in Jiangxi Province].

Objective: To assess the risk of secondary transmission induced by imported malaria in Jiangxi Province, so as to provide the evidence for adjustment of malaria surveillance strategies in the key groups and areas.

Methods: The Delphi method was used to establish the secondary transmission risk indicator system and the weight of each index was obtained. The data of malaria prevalence, vector distribution and intervention capacity were collected in 100 counties of Jiangxi Province from 2012 to 2015.

[A retrospective analysis on the diagnosis and reporting of imported malaria in Jiangxi Province during 2012-2015].

Objective: To provide scientific basis for malaria surveillance in the elimination phase by retrospectively analyzing the diagnosis and reporting of imported malaria in Jiangxi Province.

Methods: Data on malaria endemic situation and individual cases during 2012-2015 were collected through the National Information Management System for Infectious Diseases and the Report and Information Management System for Parasitic Diseases Control and Prevention. Detailed information on primary medical units, laboratory testing units, reporting units, diagnostic methods, time from onset to first medical visit, time from first medical visit to reporting, and time from onset to reporting was analyzed with the descriptive analysis method.

[Exploration of Using One-step Reverse Transcription PCR in Detection of Four Species of Human Malaria Parasites].

Objective: To explore the application and specificity of one-step reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) in detecting four species of human Plasmodium parasites.

Methods: Blood samples were collected from a falciparum malaria case, a vivax malaria case, an ovale malaria case, and five quartan malaria cases. RNA and DNA were isolated.

[Malaria Situation in the People’s Republic of China in 2015].

The 2015 malaria epidemiological data reported through the annual malaria statistics reporting system were collected and analyzed. Totally 3 288 malaria cases were reported in 664 counties of 31 Provinces/Municipalities/Autonomous Regions （P/M/A） in 2015, which increased by 6.8% in comparison to that of 2014 （3 078 cases）, and the incidence in 2015 was 0.