R229I substitution from oseltamivir induction in HA1 region significantly increased the fitness of a H7N9 virus bearing NA 292K.

The proportion of human isolates with reduced neuraminidase inhibitors (NAIs) susceptibility in highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H7N9 virus was high. These drug-resistant strains showed good replication capacity without serious loss of fitness. In the presence of oseltamivir, R229I substitution were found in HA1 region of the HPAI H7N9 virus before NA R292K appeared.

[Protective effect of oleanolic acid liposomes on cisplatin-induced oligoasthenospermia in mice].

Objective: To study the protective effect of oleanolic acid liposomes (OA-Lips) on cisplatin-induced oligoasthenospermia (COAS) in mice.

Methods: Sixty ICR mice were randomly divided into a normal control, a COAS model control, a positive control and a low-, a medium- and a high-dose OA-Lips group. The animals in the low-, medium- and high-dose OA-Lips and positive control groups were given intragastrically OA-Lips solution at 25, 50, and 100 mg/kg/d and vitamin E at 50 mg/kg/d, respectively.

Epidemiological and virological surveillance of influenza viruses in China during 2020-2021.

Background: During the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, seasonal influenza activity declined globally and remained below previous seasonal levels, but intensified in China since 2021. Preventive measures to COVID-19 accompanied by different epidemic characteristics of influenza in different regions of the world. To better respond to influenza outbreaks under the COVID-19 pandemic, we analyzed the epidemiology, antigenic and genetic characteristics, and antiviral susceptibility of influenza viruses in the mainland of China during 2020-2021.

Distribution of avian influenza viruses according to environmental surveillance during 2014-2018, China.

Background: Recurrent infections of animal hosts with avian influenza viruses (AIVs) have posted a persistent threat. It is very important to understand the avian influenza virus distribution and characteristics in environment associated with poultry and wild bird. The aim of this study was to analyze the geographic and seasonal distributions of AIVs in the 31 provinces, municipalities and autonomous region (PMA) of China, compare the AIVs prevalence in different collecting sites and sampling types, analyze the diversity of AIVs subtypes in environment.

Development and Assessment of Two Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) H5N6 Candidate Vaccine Viruses for Pandemic Preparedness.

Objective: In China, 24 cases of human infection with highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N6 virus have been confirmed since the first confirmed case in 2014. Therefore, we developed and assessed two H5N6 candidate vaccine viruses (CVVs).

Methods: In accordance with the World Health Organization (WHO) recommendations, we constructed two reassortant viruses using reverse genetics (RG) technology to match the two different epidemic H5N6 viruses.

Profile and generation of reduced neuraminidase inhibitor susceptibility in highly pathogenic avian influenza H7N9 virus from human cases in Mainland of China, 2016-2019.

Human infections with highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H7N9 virus were detected in late 2016. We examined the drug resistance profile of 30 HPAI H7N9 isolates from Mainland of China (2016-2019). Altogether, 23% (7/30) carried neuraminidase inhibitors (NAIs) - resistance mutations, and 13% (4/30) displayed reduced susceptibility to NAIs in neuraminidase (NA) inhibition test.

Effectiveness of favipiravir (T-705) against wild-type and oseltamivir-resistant influenza B virus in mice.

The emergence of resistant mutants to the wildly used neuraminidase inhibitors (NAIs) makes the development of novel drugs necessary. Favipiravir (T-705) is one of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) inhibitors developed in recent years. To examine the efficacy of T-705 against influenza B virus infections in vivo, C57BL/6 mice infected with wild-type or oseltamivir-resistant influenza B/Memphis/20/96 viruses were treated with T-705.

Response of Local Nitric Oxide Release to Manual Acupuncture and Electrical Heat in Humans: Effects of Reinforcement Methods.

This study was to examine the influences of manual acupuncture (MA) and electrical heat corresponding to reinforcing methods on nitric oxide (NO) release over the skin regions in humans. A device with collecting solution was taped to the skin surface along pericardium (PC) or lung (LU) meridian. Acupuncture needles were gently inserted into PC 4 with reinforcing stimulation (low force/rate) for 20 minutes in the MA group.

Influence of age, gender, and race on nitric oxide release over acupuncture points-meridians.

This study examined the influence of age, gender and race on nitric oxide (NO) release over acupuncture points, meridian without acupoint, and non-meridian regions of the Pericardium (PC) and Bladder (BL) meridian as well as aging on LU meridian in 61 healthy subjects. Biocapture tubes were attached to the skin surface, and total nitrite and nitrate was biocaptured and quantified using chemiluminescence. In elder ages compared to adults, NO levels over the ventral forearm were significantly decreased over LU on radial regions but not altered over PC on medial regions.

Impaired expression of neuronal nitric oxide synthase in the gracile nucleus is involved in neuropathic changes in Zucker Diabetic Fatty rats with and without 2,5-hexanedione intoxication.

These studies examined the influence of 2,5-hexanedione (2,5-HD) intoxication on expression of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) in the brainstem nuclei in Zucker Diabetic Fatty (ZDF) vs. lean control (LC) rats. Functional neuropathic changes were also investigated following axonal damage and impaired axonal transport induced by the treatment.

Transcutaneous Electrical Stimulation Increased Nitric Oxide-Cyclic GMP Release Biocaptured Over Skin Surface of Pericardium Meridian and Acupuncture Points in Humans.

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to consecutively capture and quantify nitric oxide (NO) and cGMP, the second messenger of NO, over the skin surface of acupuncture points (acupoints), meridian line without acupoint, and non-meridian control regions of the Pericardium meridian (PC) in humans, and investigate their response to transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) . DESIGN, SETTING, AND MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Adhesive biocapture tubes were attached to the skin surface along PC regions and injected with 2-Phenyl-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-3-oxide-1-oxyl solution, an NO-scavenging compound, contacting the skin surface for 20 minutes each during 4 consecutive biocapture intervals. TENS (1.

Antigenic variation of the human influenza A (H3N2) virus during the 2014-2015 winter season.

The human influenza A (H3N2) virus dominated the 2014-2015 winter season in many countries and caused massive morbidity and mortality because of its antigenic variation. So far, very little is known about the antigenic patterns of the recent H3N2 virus. By systematically mapping the antigenic relationships of H3N2 strains isolated since 2010, we discovered that two groups with obvious antigenic divergence, named SW13 (A/Switzerland/9715293/2013-like strains) and HK14 (A/Hong Kong/5738/2014-like strains), co-circulated during the 2014-2015 winter season.

Comparing the immunogenicity and safety of 3 Japanese encephalitis vaccines in Asia-Pacific area: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), a leading cause of Japanese encephalitis (JE) in children and adults, is a major public health problem in Asian countries. This study reports a meta-analysis of the immunogenicity and safety of vaccines used to protect infants or children from JE. Three types of JE vaccine were examined, namely, Japanese encephalitis live-attenuated vaccine (JEV-L), Japanese encephalitis inactivated vaccine (Vero cell) (JEV-I(Vero)), and Japanese encephalitis inactivated vaccine (primary hamster kidney cell) (JEV-I(PHK)).

[Comparative studies on different methods for laboratory diagnosis of pertussis].

Objective: To confirm the clinically suspected pertussis cases(<1 years old) through laboratory methods.

Methods: From December, 2011 to December, 2012, patients with clinically suspected pertussis from Xi'an Children's Hospital were sampled, with their nasopharyngeal swabs collected, blood samples cultured and pertussis toxin IgG detected by PCR.

Results: were analyzed, using SPSS 16.

[Selection pressure analysis of H3N2 influenza virus from China between 1992 and 2012].

Objective: In order to investigate the relationship between selection pressure and the prevalence of antigenic clusters, we sequenced and analyzed the H3N2 influenza virus from China between 1992 and 2012.

Methods: The H3N2 influenza virus (n = 1206) in China from 1992 to 2012 was analyzed, include global selection pressure and sites positive selection pressure analysis.

Results: Considering all the H3N2 influenza viruses during these 21 years, a total of four amino acid sites subject to positive selection.

[Development of a real-time reverse transcriptase PCR assay for detection of E119V amino acid change in neuraminidase of influenza A (H3N2) using the TaqMan-MGB probe].

Objective: To develop a rapid duplex Real-time reverse transcription PCR (rRT-PCR) method to detect E119V mutation on neuraminidase (NA) of influenza A(H3N2) subtype with drug resistance to oseltamivir.

Methods: Twenty-six NA genes of influenza A(H3N2) virus between 2000 and 2012 in GenBank database were selected as the target genes, and specific TaqMan-MGB probe was designed to target the E119V amino acid change in neuraminidase protein. rRT-PCR was then performed and evaluated for the sensitivity, specificity and reproducibility using virus with E119V mutation and clinical samples.

[Virological characterization of influenza A(H3N2) virus in Mainland China during 2011-2012].

To study the prevalence and variation of influenza A(H3N2) viruses, the antigenic and genetic characteristics of influenza A(H3N2) viruses circulating in Mainland China during April 2011 to March 2012 were analyzed. The results showed that influenza A(H3N2) viruses increased gradually since 2012 and became the dominant strain since March. The viruses were antigenically closely related to the vaccine strain A/PER/16/09 (87.

[Emerged Pdm09 influenza virus increased purifying selection of seasonal H1N1 influenza virus].

Pdm09 virus outbreak occurred in Mainland China in May 2009, a few months later, the prevalence of seasonal H1N1(sH1N1) influenza virus that already circulated in human for tens of years began to decline and disappeared afterwards. To identify the reason for the rapid decline of sH1N1 in mainland China, we sequenced the HA1 of sH1N1 during 2006-2011, and then analyzed the selective pressure in different phases. Our results showed before Pdm09 outbreak, the omega value was 0.

[Virological characterization of influenza B virus in mainland China during 2011-2012].

In order to understand the prevalence and variation of influenza B viruses, the antigenic and genetic characteristics of influenza B viruses circulating in Mainland China during April, 2011 to March, 2012 were analyzed. The results showed the B Victoria lineage viruses were much more prevalent than B Yamagata lineage during this period, phylogenetic analysis showed vast majority of Victoria lineage viruses belong to genetic group 1, intra-clade reassortant between HA1 and NA gene was identified in a minor proportion of the viruses. 72.

[Analysis of genetic features of influenza B virus in Hunan province from 2007 to 2010].

Objective: To investigate the gene variations of influenza B virus isolated in Hunan province from 2007 to 2010.

Methods: A total of 42 strains of influenza B virus,which were isolated in the Influenza Surveillance Network Laboratories in Hunan province between year 2007 and 2010, were selected for the study. The hemagglutinin 1 (HA1) and neuraminidase (NA) genes of the selected strains were amplified by RT-PCR, and the sequence of the purified product were detected and homologically compared with the sequence of influenza vaccine strains isolated from Northern Hemisphere by WHO during the same period.

[Establishment of a mouse-lethal model for pandemic H1N1 influenza virus].

To establish the mouse-lethal model for pandemic H1N1 influenza virus, provide an animal model for studying the pathogenicity and host adaptation of 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza virus, and find out the key amino acid mutations which may affect viral virulence and replication. A pandemic H1N1 influenza virus strain, A/Sichuan/SWL1/2009 (H1N1, SC/1) was passaged in mouse lung by 15 cycles with intranasal infection. The passaged viruses were all propagated in MDCK cells and sequenced.

Changes in nitric oxide, cGMP, and nitrotyrosine concentrations over skin along the meridians in obese subjects.

The purposes of these studies were to quantify the concentrations of total nitrate and nitrite (NO(x)(-)) cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), and nitrotyrosine over skin surface in normal weight healthy volunteers (n = 64) compared to overweight/obese subjects (n = 54). A semi-circular plastic tube was taped to the skin along acupuncture points (acupoints), meridian line without acupoint (MWOP), and nonmeridian control and filled with a 2-Phenyl-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-3-oxide-1-oxyl solution for 20 min. The concentrations of NO(x)(-), cGMP, and nitrotyrosine in the samples were quantified in a blinded fashion using chemiluminescence and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, respectively.

Theoretical study on phosphorescence efficiency and color tuning from orange to blue-green of Ir(III) complexes based on substituted 2-phenylimidazo[1,2-a]pyridine ligand.

The geometrical structures, phosphorescence quantum yields, and electroluminescence (EL) efficiency of six iridium(III) complexes containing 2-phenylimidazo[1,2-a]pyridine ligand are investigated by density functional theory (DFT), which show a wide color tuning of photoluminescence from orange (λ(em) = 550 nm) to blue-green (λ(em) = 490 nm). The calculated results shed some light on the reasons of the remarkably manipulated excited-state and EL properties through substitution effect. The Mulliken charge calculation reveals that attached -CF(3) groups on phenyl and imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine (impy) moieties (4) can make both of them as electron-deficient region, which will lead to the contraction of the whole coordination sphere and strengthen the metal-ligand interaction.