Design and Synthesis of Novel Oxathiapiprolin Derivatives as Oxysterol Binding Protein Inhibitors and Their Application in Phytopathogenic Oomycetes.

Oomycetes, particularly those from the genus , are significant threats to global food security and natural ecosystems. Oxathiapiprolin (OXA) is an effective oomycete fungicide that targets an oxysterol binding protein (OSBP), while the binding mechanism of OXA is still unclear, which limits the pesticide design, induced by the low sequence identity of and template models. Herein, we generated the OSBP model of the well-reported using AlphaFold 2 and studied the binding mechanism of OXA.

Design, synthesis, and fungicidal evaluation of novel oxysterol binding protein inhibitors for combatting resistance associated with oxathiapiprolin.

Oxathiapiprolin, the first successful oxysterol binding protein (OSBP) inhibitor for oomycete control, is regarded as an important milestone in the history of fungicide discovery. However, its interaction with OSBP remain unclear. Moreover, some plant pathogenic oomycetes have developed medium to high resistance to oxathiapiprolin.

Functional Characterization of Two Carboxylesterase Genes Involved in Pyrethroid Detoxification in .

Insect carboxylesterases are major enzymes involved in metabolism of xenobiotics including insecticides. Two carboxylesterase genes, and , were cloned from the destructive agricultural pest . Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction showed that and were predominantly expressed in fat body and midgut, respectively; developmental expression analyses found that the expression levels of both CarEs were significantly higher in fifth-instar larvae than in other life stages.

M233I Mutation in the β-Tubulin of Botrytis cinerea Confers Resistance to Zoxamide.

Three phenotypes were detected in 161 Botrytis cinerea field isolates, including Zox(S)Car(S) (sensitive to zoxamide and carbendazim), Zox(S)Car(R) (sensitive to zoxamide and resistant to carbendazim), and Zox(R)Car(R) (resistant to zoxamide and carbendazim), but not Zox(R)Car(S) (resistant to zoxamide and sensitive to carbendazim). The baseline sensitivity to zoxamide was determined with a mean EC50 of 0.76 μg/ml.

Wild Type Sensitivity and Mutation Analysis for Resistance Risk to Fluopicolide in Phytophthora capsici.

Crown, root, and fruit rot caused by Phytophthora capsici is an increasing problem for vegetable growers in Michigan and the United States. The newly registered fungicide fluopicolide is effective to limit crop loss but the potential for P. capsici to develop resistance is not well known.

Baseline sensitivity and resistance-risk assessment of Phytophthora capsici to iprovalicarb.

Iprovalicarb has been used to control Phytophthora capsici, a devastating pathogen of many economically important crops. To evaluate the risk of fungicide resistance, 158 isolates of P. capsici were examined for sensitivity to iprovalicarb by measuring mycelial growth.

Flumorph Is a Novel Fungicide That Disrupts Microfilament Organization in Phytophthora melonis.

ABSTRACT The mechanism of the effects of flumorph (a novel fungicide) was investigated by analyzing alterations of hyphal morphology, cell wall deposition patterns, F-actin organization, and other organelles in Phytophthora melonis. Calcofluor white staining suggested that flumorph did not inhibit the synthesis of cell wall materials, but disturbed the polar deposition of newly synthesized cell wall materials during cystospore germination and hyphal growth. After exposure to flumorph, zoospores were able to switch into cystospores accompanied with the formation of a cell wall, whereas cystospores failed to induce the isotropic-polar switch and did not produce germ tubes but continued the isotropic growth phase.

Fluence-response dynamics of the UV-induced SOS response in Escherichia coli.

Bacteria in nature often suffer sudden stresses, such as ultraviolet (UV) irradiation, nutrient deprivation, and chemotoxins that would cause DNA damage and DNA replication failure, which in turn trigger SOS response. According to the strength and duration of the stress, the SOS system not only repairs DNA damage but also induces mutagenesis, so as to adapt to the changing environment. The key proteins in charge of mutagenesis are UmuD and UmuD'.

[Nonbiologic risk factors of pulmonary tuberculosis among adults in Henan: a case-control study].

Objective: To study the nonbiologic risk factors of tuberculosis (TB) among adults.

Methods: 1:2 matched case-control study was conducted. 158 new smear positive pulmonary TB patients with 25 - 60 years of age were notified and registered from three county anti-TB institutions in Henan from October 2002-March 2004, were selected as cases.

[Biological effect of seed-coating in Carthamus tinctorins].

Objective: To study the Biological effect of seed-coating in Carthamus tinctorins.

Method: Two kinds of seedcoating chemicals SCF1 and SCF2 were used in this experiment, the seed YM-99 and 27981-99 were coated by three kinds of ratio of seedcoating chemicals to seed. It was investigated that the germination energy and germination percentage in the room and the emergence rate, seedling stage growing, pest in the field.

Cost of malaria control in China: Henan's consolidation programme from community and government perspectives.

Objective: To assist with strategic planning for the eradication of malaria in Henan Province, China, which reached the consolidation phase of malaria control in 1992, when only 318 malaria cases were reported.

Methods: We conducted a prospective two-year study of the costs for Henan's malaria control programme. We used a cost model that could also be applied to other malaria programmes in mainland China, and analysed the cost of the three components of Henan's malaria programme: suspected malaria case management, vector surveillance, and population blood surveys.