Blood iron, glutathione, and micronutrient levels and the risk of oral cancer.

The risk of oral cavity cancer was determined in relation to serological levels of iron; vitamins A, B2, C, E; zinc; thiamin; and glutathione (GSH). The study included 65 hospitalized patients with oral cancer and 85 matched controls. In comparing the highest to the lowest tertiles, the risk was odds ratio (OR) = 0.

Comparison between hospitalized and screening controls in studies assessing breast cancer risk.

Background: In case-control studies, selection of an appropriate group of controls is a critical step which may affect the outcome of the analysis.

Methods: We studied the differences in reproductive, lifestyle, and anthropometric variables between controls from a hospital-based study and controls from a screening clinic. Odds ratios for breast cancer were calculated using the two types of controls, and the impact on the resulting odds ratio was studied.

Smoking and lung cancer risk in American and Japanese men: an international case-control study.

Rates of lung cancer in American men have greatly exceeded those in Japanese men for several decades despite the higher smoking prevalence in Japanese men. It is not known whether the relative risk of lung cancer associated with cigarette smoking is lower in Japanese men than American men and whether these risks vary by the amount and duration of smoking. To estimate smoking-specific relative risks for lung cancer in men, a multicentric case-control study was carried out in New York City, Washington, DC, and Nagoya, Japan from 1992 to 1998.

Cancer mortality in the United States and Germany.

Purpose: The USA and Germany are currently two of the world's leading industrial nations with comparable standards of living and considerable similarities in lifestyle. Fifty years ago, i.e.

Reevaluation of the confounding effect of cigarette smoking on the relationship between alcohol use and lung cancer risk, with larynx cancer used as a positive control.

Background: The effect of smoking on lung cancer risk has been well documented, while the effect of alcohol remains controversial. We examined the hypothesis that the apparent association between alcohol intake and lung cancer risk is fully due to the confounding effect of cigarette smoke.

Methods: Our sample of hospitalized patients included 2,953 male and 1,622 female lung cancer cases; 521 male and 159 female larynx cancers cases; and 8,169 male and 4,154 female controls, admitted to participating hospitals between 1981 and 1994.

Handheld cellular telephone use and risk of brain cancer.

Context: A relative paucity of data exist on the possible health effects of using cellular telephones.

Objective: To test the hypothesis that using handheld cellular telephones is related to the risk of primary brain cancer.

Design And Setting: Case-control study conducted in 5 US academic medical centers between 1994 and 1998 using a structured questionnaire.

Oral enzyme therapy and experimental rat mammary tumor metastasis.

Although there has been much interest over the years in the medical use of orally administered proteolytic enzymes, there is considerable controversy about their efficacy against advanced stages of cancer. In light of this, the goal of the present study was to assess the inhibitory effects of different doses of an orally administered porcine pancreas preparation on the growth and metastasis of the R13762 transplantable rat mammary tumor. Five groups of 12 F-344 female retired breeders were inoculated orthotopically with a 2mm3 tumor implant and placed on the following diets: (1) AIN-76A diet + 20% porcine pancreas preparation (PPP); (2) AIN-76A + 20% PPP + 10 mg Mg citrate/rat/day; (3) AIN-76A + 2% PPP; (4) AIN-76A + 2% PPP + 10 mg Mg citrate and (5) AIN-76A only (control).

Increased expression of cyclooxygenase-2 in rat lung tumors induced by the tobacco-specific nitrosamine 4-(methylnitrosamino)-4-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone: the impact of a high-fat diet.

Aberrant or excessive expression of cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 has been implicated in the pathogenesis of many disease processes, including carcinogenesis. COX-2 expression was immunohistochemically examined in archival samples (D. Hoffmann et al.

Smoking trends in the United States between 1969 and 1995 based on patients hospitalized with non-smoking-related diseases.

Background: This study examines smoking trends in the United States by race, gender, education, and occupation.

Methods: The data were collected between 1969 and 1995 through a hospital-based case-control study on tobacco-related cancers, including 21,057 male and 14,448 female control subjects who had been diagnosed of non-smoking-related diseases. Smoking measures were adjusted through direct standardization and regression methods.

The past, present, and future of the prevention of lung cancer.

The article relates details of the history of research into the causal association of cigarette smoking and lung cancer on the basis of multidisciplinary studies that have explored the epidemiology, biology, chemistry, and biochemistry of tobacco carcinogenesis and research in behavioral sciences and health education that has sought to address one of our nation's foremost public health problems. Recalling past and present challenges and achievements in all of these areas, the author then outlines his vision for addressing this health problem in the future. This is laid out for various segments of the research community and for society as a whole, i.

Alcohol use and prostate cancer in U.S. whites: no association in a confirmatory study.

Background: In a recent study among U.S. men with prostate cancer, alcohol consumption was associated with an increase in prostate cancer risk.

Lung cancer risk and workplace exposures in black men and women.

There are little data on workplace exposures and lung cancer risk in blacks. An ongoing case-control study of lung cancer that included 550 black men and women with lung cancer and 386 age-matched controls was examined by reported occupational exposures and job titles. In men, significant associations were observed with reported exposure to asbestos [odds ratio (OR), 1.

A case/control study of risk factors for major salivary gland cancer.

Background: Salivary gland cancer (SGC) is a rare disease with a largely unknown origin. Because cancer of the tongue and mouth floor is caused primarily by smoking and alcohol consumption, we investigated the role of tobacco, alcohol, and other possible risk factors in the development of SGC in a hospital-based study.

Methods: Interviews were obtained from 128 patients with newly diagnosed histologically confirmed SGC and from 114 age- and gender-matched controls by using a structured questionnaire.

Parakeets, canaries, finches, parrots and lung cancer: no association.

The relationship between pet bird keeping and lung cancer according to exposure to tobacco smoking was investigated in a case-control study in hospitals of New York City and Washington, DC, USA. Newly diagnosed lung cancer cases (n = 887) aged 40-79 years were compared with 1350 controls with diseases not related to smoking, of the same age, gender and date of admission as the cases. The prevalence of pet bird keeping was 12.

Dietary control of cancer.

Many laboratory studies and human epidemiological data suggest that most cancer deaths are attributable to lifestyle, including nutritional factors and tobacco and alcohol consumption. Tobacco consumption is causally related to cancer of the lung, mouth, larynx, esophagus, bladder, kidney, and pancreas. Nutrients and non-nutrient dietary components probably account for cancer of the colon, breast, prostate, and stomach.

Cigarette smoking and prostate cancer: no relation with six measures of lifetime smoking habits in a large case-control study among U.S. whites.

Background: The study was undertaken to describe the association between lifetime cigarette smoking habits and prostate cancer. Whereas most case-control and cohort studies report no association, the positive findings from some large cohort studies are difficult to ignore. The available information on lifetime smoking habits from most studies is limited however.

Risk of squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma of the lung in relation to lifetime filter cigarette smoking.

Background: Over the past few decades, the incidence of adenocarcinoma (AC) of the lung increased much more rapidly than that of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) in men and women. During this time period, filter cigarettes with substantially reduced "tar" and nicotine yields in the smoke came to dominate the market.

Methods: The risk of SCC and AC in lifelong smokers of filter cigarettes relative to lifelong nonfilter cigarette smokers was assessed in a case-control study performed between 1977 and 1995 with 2292 lung carcinoma patients and 1343 hospital controls who were current smokers.