Thoracic Outlet Syndrome.

Thoracic outlet syndrome is a complex syndrome that manifests with symptoms based on the presumed injury or impairment of the neurovascular structures in the thoracic outlet space with its intricate anatomy and pathophysiology. The thoracic outlet is a specific anatomical region with three distinct anatomical spaces - interscalene triangle, the costoclavicular space, and the retro-pectoralis minor space. Thoracic outlet syndrome is classified into neurogenic, venous, and arterial thoracic outlet syndrome and often poses diagnostic challenge to implicate a specific condition or cause.

Athlete Preparticipation Physical Evaluation.

Preparticipation evaluations (PPE) are both a traditional and legal requirement by many governing bodies for sport. The ideal goal of the PPE is safe participation in sport for athletes. This article provides an overview of common PPE elements and current best practice recommendations.