Synergy of Weakly Solvated Electrolyte and LiF-Reinforced Interphase Enables Long-Term Operation of Li-Metal Batteries at Low Temperatures.

Hindered by the high diffusion energy barrier of Li in graphite anode layers, the low-temperature application of traditional Li-ion batteries is limited. Lithium metal without intercalation and with excellent specific capacity is expected to support battery operation at low temperatures. However, due to the low conductivity, high freezing point, and strong solvation energy of traditional carbonate electrolytes, the application of lithium-metal batteries at low temperatures remains challenged.