Telomere-to-telomere and gap-free genome assembly of a susceptible grapevine species (Thompson Seedless) to facilitate grape functional genomics.

Grapes are globally recognized as economically significant fruit trees. Among grape varieties, Thompson Seedless holds paramount influence for fresh consumption and for extensive applications in winemaking, drying, and juicing. This variety is one of the most efficient genotypes for grape genetic modification.

VqWRKY56 interacts with VqbZIPC22 in grapevine to promote proanthocyanidin biosynthesis and increase resistance to powdery mildew.

Powdery mildew (PM) is a severe fungal disease of cultivated grapevine world-wide. Proanthocyanidins (PAs) play an important role in resistance to fungal pathogens; however, little is known about PA-mediated PM resistance in grapevine. We identified a WRKY transcription factor, VqWRKY56, from Vitis quinquangularis, the expression of which was significantly induced by PM.

The transcription factors VaERF16 and VaMYB306 interact to enhance resistance of grapevine to Botrytis cinerea infection.

Botrytis cinerea is a fungus that infects cultivated grape (Vitis vinifera); the identification and characterization of resistance mechanisms in the host is of great importance for the grape industry. Here, we report that a transcription factor in the ethylene-responsive factor (ERF) family (VaERF16) from Chinese wild grape (Vitis amurensis 'Shuang You') is expressed during B. cinerea infection and in response to treatments with the hormones ethylene and methyl jasmonate.

CRISPR/Cas9-mediated mutagenesis of VvbZIP36 promotes anthocyanin accumulation in grapevine (Vitis vinifera).

Anthocyanins are plant secondary metabolites that have a variety of biological functions, including pigmentation. The accumulation of anthocyanins is regulated by both transcriptional activators and repressors. Studies have shown that the bZIP family act primarily as positive regulators of anthocyanin biosynthesis, but there are few reports of negative regulation.

Overexpression of VqWRKY31 enhances powdery mildew resistance in grapevine by promoting salicylic acid signaling and specific metabolite synthesis.

Powdery mildew (PM), caused by the fungal pathogen Erysiphe necator, is one of the most destructive diseases of grapevine (Vitis vinifera and other Vitis spp). Resistance to PM is an important goal for cultivar improvement, and understanding the underlying molecular mechanisms conditioning resistance is critical. Here, we report that transgenic expression of the WRKY transcription factor gene VqWRKY31 from the PM-resistant species Vitis quinquangularis conferred resistance to powdery mildew in V.

The Impact of Infection on Key Metabolic Properties in 'Red Globe' Berries via Multiomics Approaches.

Grape anthracnose caused by (Shear) is one of the most serious fungal diseases that lead to the quality reduction and yield losses of grape ( 'Red Globe') berries. In the present study, metabolome and transcriptome analyses were conducted using grape berries in the field after infection with at 7, 10, and 13 days to identify the metabolic properties of berries. In total, 132 metabolites with significant differences and 6,877 differentially expressed genes were detected and shared by three comparisons.

Whole-genome sequencing reveals rare off-target mutations in CRISPR/Cas9-edited grapevine.

The CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats)-associated protein 9 (Cas9) system is a powerful tool for targeted genome editing, with applications that include plant biotechnology and functional genomics research. However, the specificity of Cas9 targeting is poorly investigated in many plant species, including fruit trees. To assess the off-target mutation rate in grapevine (Vitis vinifera), we performed whole-genome sequencing (WGS) of seven Cas9-edited grapevine plants in which one of two genes was targeted by CRISPR/Cas9 and three wild-type (WT) plants.

Pathogenesis and Immune Response in Resistant and Susceptible Cultivars of Grapevine ( spp.) Against Infection.

is the main cause of grape anthracnose, and the majority of grapevine cultivars are susceptible to this fungus. Some Chinese wild grape cultivars are resistant, however. It is therefore apt to compare the pathogenesis and immune responses in susceptible and resistant cultivars of grapevine to explore the detailed molecular and biochemical mechanisms of resistance to this fungus.

Grapevine improves drought resistance by directly activating and promoting lignin biosynthesis through the regulation of three peroxidase genes.

Drought stress severely affects grapevine quality and yield, and recent reports have revealed that lignin plays an important role in protection from drought stress. Since little is known about lignin-mediated drought resistance in grapevine, we investigated its significance. Herein, we show that mediates drought resistance by activating the expression of lignin biosynthetic genes and increasing lignin deposition.

Expression of Vitis amurensis VaERF20 in Arabidopsis thaliana Improves Resistance to Botrytis cinerea and Pseudomonas syringae pv. Tomato DC3000.

Ethylene response factor (ERF) transcription factors play important roles in regulating immune responses in plants. In our study, we characterized a member of the ERF transcription factor family, , from the Chinese wild genotype, Rupr "Shuangyou". Phylogenetic analysis indicated that belongs to group IXc of the ERF family, in which many members are known to contribute to fighting pathogen infection.

[A preliminary analysis of the ratio between the upper and lower anterior teeth].

Purpose: The widths of anterior teeth are measured and compared to see if there was any specific ratio between the anterior teeth, and to provide some referential data for clinical application in esthetic dentistry.

Methods: Gypsum casts of the maxillary and mandibular arches were made by traditional ways. With the help of dividers and vernier calipers, the widths of anterior teeth were measured.