Separated electrodes for the enhancement of high-speed data transmission in vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser arrays.

In this work, a novel design for the electrodes in a near quasi-single-mode (QSM) vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) array with Zn-diffusion apertures inside is demonstrated to produce an effective improvement in the high-speed data transmission performance. By separating the electrodes in a compact 2×2 coupled VCSEL array into two parts, one for pure dc current injection and the other for large ac signal modulation, a significant enhancement in the high-speed data transmission performance can be observed. Compared with the single electrode reference, which parallels 4 VCSEL units in the array, the demonstrated array with its separated electrode design exhibits greater dampening of electrical-optical (E-O) frequency response and a larger 3-dB E-O bandwidth (19 vs.

Interactions of uranyl ion with cytochrome b₅ and its His39Ser variant as revealed by molecular simulation in combination with experimental methods.

The biological toxicity of uranyl ion (UO (2) (2+) ) lies in interacting with proteins and disrupting their native functions. The structural and functional consequences of UO (2) (2+) interacting with cytochrome b (5) (cyt b (5)), a small membrane heme protein, and its heme axial ligand His39Ser variant, cyt b (5) H39S, were investigated both experimentally and theoretically. In experiments, although cyt b (5) was only slightly affected, UO (2) (2+) binding to cyt b (5) H39S with a K (D) of 2.