Increasing intensity directly increases the perceived warmth of primary colors.

There is a long history of linking the perceptions of temperature and color (the "Hue-heat hypothesis"): red (R) and yellow (Y) are often considered warm, whereas blue (B) and green (G) are cool. Past studies, however, have largely used relatively broad-band light at a fixed intensity to test these relations. We tested whether increasing the intensity of highly saturated primary colors would lead to a concomitant change in the perceived temperature of those colors.

Differences in motor learning-related structural plasticity of layer 2/3 parvalbumin-positive interneurons of the young and aged motor cortex.

Changes to neuronal connectivity are believed to be a key factor in cognitive impairments associated with normal aging. Because of its effect on activities of daily living, deficient motor control is a critical type of cognitive decline to understand. Diminished inhibitory networks in the cortex are implicated in such motor control deficits, pointing to the connectivity of inhibitory cortical interneurons as an important area for study.

Two-Dimensional Cobalt(II) Benzoquinone Frameworks for Putative Kitaev Quantum Spin Liquid Candidates.

The realization and discovery of quantum spin liquid (QSL) candidate materials are crucial for exploring exotic quantum phenomena and applications associated with QSLs. Most existing metal-organic two-dimensional (2D) quantum spin liquid candidates have structures with spins arranged on the triangular or kagome lattices, whereas honeycomb-structured metal-organic compounds with QSL characteristics are rare. Here, we report the use of 2,5-dihydroxy-1,4-benzoquinone (Xdhbq, X = Cl, Br, H) as the linkers to construct cobalt(II) honeycomb lattices (NEt)[Co(Xdhbq)] as promising Kitaev-type QSL candidate materials.

Extraordinary Thermoelectric Properties of Topological Surface States in Quantum-Confined CdAs Thin Films.

Topological insulators and semimetals have been shown to possess intriguing thermoelectric properties promising for energy harvesting and cooling applications. However, thermoelectric transport associated with the Fermi arc topological surface states on topological Dirac semimetals remains less explored. This work systematically examines thermoelectric transport in a series of topological Dirac semimetal CdAs thin films grown by molecular beam epitaxy.

Macular Pigment, Cognition, and Visual Function in Younger Healthy Adults in Ghana.

Background: Macular pigment optical density (MPOD) remains an indispensable biomarker to measure fruit and vegetable intake, with a biologically plausible correlation to vision and cognition. However, evidence in the sub-Saharan regions, including Ghana, is lacking.

Objective: This study explored dietary carotenoid intake on MPOD and its influence on cognitive and visual function in a healthy Ghanaian sample.

Contrast sensitivity functions measured using simple optics and computer testing.

Purpose: Contrast sensitivity function (CSF) testing is a common approach to assessing clinical changes to specific aspects of spatial vision. Different stimulus presentations and testing procedures, however, yield significant differences in CSF curves that are more a feature of the method than the observer. In this study, we designed a simple optical device for measuring CSF that could be directly calibrated and compared with a commonly used computer-based system.

A Shared Decision-Making Process Utilizing a Decision Coach in Pediatric Epilepsy Surgery.

Background & Rationale: The process to evaluate candidacy for epilepsy surgery is lengthy and stressful for caregivers, therefore the decision can be challenging. There is not a lot of information in regard to how families of a child living with epilepsy navigate the stressful decision during surgical candidacy evaluation. With difficult decisions comes the possibility of increased decisional conflict in both the child and the family.

Electric field-dependent phonon spectrum and heat conduction in ferroelectrics.

This article shows experimentally that an external electric field affects the velocity of the longitudinal acoustic phonons (), thermal conductivity (κ), and diffusivity () in a bulk lead zirconium titanate-based ferroelectric. Phonon conduction dominates κ, and the observations are due to changes in the phonon dispersion, not in the phonon scattering. This gives insight into the nature of the thermal fluctuations in ferroelectrics, namely, phonons labeled ferrons that carry heat and polarization.

The Effects of a Blue-Light Filtering Versus Clear Intraocular Implant on Color Appearance.

Purpose: More than a dozen studies have investigated whether blue-light filtering (BLF) intraocular lens (IOL) implants influence color vision, generally finding they do not. These studies have not tested color vision per se; rather, they have measured color vision deficiencies or chromatic discrimination. Here, we used additive trichromatic colorimetry to assess color appearance in participants with BLF and clear IOL.

Combining Spin-Seebeck and Nernst Effects in Aligned MnBi/Bi Composites.

The spin-Seebeck effect (SSE) is an advective transport process traditionally studied in bilayers composed of a ferromagnet (FM) and a non-magnetic metal (NM) with strong spin-orbit coupling. In a temperature gradient, the flux of magnons in the FM transfers spin-angular momentum to electrons in the NM, which by the inverse spin-Hall effect generates an SSE voltage. In contrast, the Nernst effect is a bulk transport phenomenon in homogeneous NMs or FMs.

Stimulus edge effects in the measurement of macular pigment using heterochromatic flicker photometry.

Heterochromatic flicker photometry (HFP) is the most common technique of measuring macular pigment optical density (MPOD). Some data strongly suggest that HFP samples MPOD specifically at the edge of center-fixated circular stimuli. Other data have led to the conclusion that HFP samples over the entire area of the stimulus.

Photopigment self-screening and the determination of macular pigment absorbance using heterochromatic flicker photometry.

Purpose: Heterochromatic flicker photometry (HFP) is commonly used to determine macular pigment optical density (MPOD). Since HFP in this application is a locus comparison method, an identical relative spectral response at each locus is required for a perfect measure. We know this requirement cannot be strictly true since the optical density of photopigments increases as the foveal center is approached.

Inverse relationship between macular pigment optical density and axial length in Chinese subjects with myopia.

Background: Macular pigment (MP) has been the focus of much attention in recent years, due to its protective effect against macular degenerations. In this study, we investigated the association between macular pigment optical density (MPOD) and axial length (AL) in Chinese subjects with myopia.

Methods: In total, 173 myopes (mean spherical equivalent [MSE] ≤-1.

The influence of filtering by the macular carotenoids on contrast sensitivity measured under simulated blue haze conditions.

Purpose: Distant objects are often obscured as a result of wavelength-dependent scattering in the atmosphere. This scattered light, which is mostly short-wave, effectively forms a veiling luminance (or background light) against which a target must be detected and discriminated. The macular pigment (MP) carotenoids could reduce the effective background intensity by selectively filtering out short wavelengths which would increase the contrast of the object in the retinal image, thus improving visibility.

A practical method of measuring the human temporal contrast sensitivity function.

One of the more significant indicators of neural age-related loss and disease is reduced temporal processing speed. It would, therefore, be useful to have an accurate and practical device that measures the full range of an individual's temporal processing abilities (characterized as the temporal contrast sensitivity function, TCSF). 70 subjects (15-84 yrs) were tested.

The utility of using customized heterochromatic flicker photometry (cHFP) to measure macular pigment in patients with age-related macular degeneration.

The purpose of this study was to assess the utility and validity of using customized heterochromatic flicker photometry (cHFP) to measure macular pigment optical density (MPOD) in patients with intermediate stages of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). The measurement procedure was optimized to accommodate individual differences in temporal vision related to age, disease, or other factors. The validity criteria were based on the similarity of the spectral absorption curves to ex vivo curves of lutein and zeaxanthin and the similarity of spatial density profiles to those measured in subjects without retinal disease.

Macular pigment density and age-related maculopathy in the Carotenoids in Age-Related Eye Disease Study. An ancillary study of the women's health initiative.

Purpose: To examine the association between intermediate age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and the optical density of macular pigment (MPOD), which is composed of lutein and zeaxanthin from the diet.

Design: Cross-sectional cohort study.

Participants: We included 1698 of 2005 women ages 54 to 86 years and participating in the Carotenoids in Age-Related Eye Disease Study, an ancillary study of the Women's Health Initiative.

Using scotopic and photopic flicker to measure lens optical density.

Many applications require knowledge of lens absorption. Measuring lens optical density (OD), however, is often difficult and time-consuming. For example, psychophysical measurement typically requires a long period of dark adaptation (e.

Macular pigment: a test of the acuity hypothesis.

Purpose: Schültze, in 1866, originally proposed that macular pigment (MP) could improve acuity by reducing the deleterious effects associated with the aberration of short-wave (SW) light. Although proposed well more than a century ago, the hypothesis has never been empirically tested. The authors chose to begin evaluating the acuity hypothesis by measuring MP levels, gap, and hyperacuity in the same observers.

Compensation for light loss resulting from filtering by macular pigment: relation to the S-cone pathway.

Purpose: Macular pigment (MP) filters short-wavelength light before it reaches the visual pigments. At peak absorbance (460 nm), transmission of light through MP can range from almost 100% transmission to as little as 3%. As a result of the uneven topographic distribution of MP, spatial nonuniformities in visual perception would result if the visual system did not compensate for filtering differences across the central retina.

Predictors of optical density of lutein and zeaxanthin in retinas of older women in the Carotenoids in Age-Related Eye Disease Study, an ancillary study of the Women's Health Initiative.

Background: Lifestyle, diet, and physical and health predictors of xanthophyll carotenoids in the retina are poorly understood.

Objective: We aimed to investigate the predictors of the density of lutein and zeaxanthin in the macula of the retina.

Design: Macular pigment optical density (MPOD) was measured by heterochromatic flicker photometry.