Pachychoroid: current concepts on clinical features and pathogenesis.

Purpose: The term "pachychoroid" refers to a newly described phenotype in which functional and structural choroidal changes are thought to play a key pathogenic role in a spectrum of related retinal disorders. A more detailed understanding of how the choroid is involved within this spectrum and a better knowledge of the most relevant clinical signs of the pachychoroid phenotype are important to differentiate these disorders from other retinal conditions. Our objectives are to provide a literature review of pachychoroid and the commonalities that may be present across pathologies included in the spectrum, and to provide details on the examination, monitoring, and management of these disorders.

Acute angle closure attack after an intravitreal bevacizumab injection for branch retinal vein occlusion: a case report.

Background: Intravitreal injection is widely used to treat retinal vein occlusion, and acute angle closure (AAC) is an exceptional complication of intravitreal injection. The authors report a case of AAC that occurred immediately after administering intravitreal bevacizumab to treat branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO).

Case Presentation: A 65-year-old woman was referred to the retina clinic of a tertiary referral center for the treatment of macular edema secondary to BRVO.

Efficacy of fixed-dosing aflibercept for treating polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy: 1-year results of the VAULT study.

Purpose: To investigate fixed-dosing aflibercept for treating polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV).

Methods: This phase IV, prospective, single-arm, interventional case series was conducted in eight centers. Forty treatment-naïve PCV patients were administered three monthly doses of intravitreal aflibercept (2.

COMPARISON OF THE LAMINA CRIBROSA THICKNESS OF PATIENTS WITH UNILATERAL BRANCH RETINAL VEIN OCCLUSION AND HEALTHY SUBJECTS.

Purpose: To compare the lamina cribrosa (LC) thickness of healthy subjects and patients with unilateral branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO), and to determine possible correlations between the LC thickness and the BRVO subtypes.

Methods: This prospective, cross-sectional study included a total of 46 patients with naive, untreated, unilateral BRVO and 31 healthy control subjects. The occlusion site was divided into two BRVO types: arteriovenous crossing BRVO (AV-BRVO) and optic nerve BRVO (ON-BRVO).

Efficacy and Safety of a Dexamethasone Implant in Patients with Diabetic Macular Edema at Tertiary Centers in Korea.

Purpose. To evaluate the real-world efficacy and safety of the dexamethasone implant (DEX implant) in patients with diabetic macular edema (DME). Methods.

Efficacy and safety of active silicone oil removal through a 23-gauge transconjunctival cannula using an external vacuum pump.

Aim: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of active removal of silicone oil with low and high viscosity through a 23-gauge transconjunctival cannula using an external vacuum pump.

Methods: This study was conducted as a prospective, interventional case series. A total of 22 eyes of 21 patients [1000 centistokes (cSt): 17 eyes, 5700 cSt: 5 eyes] were included in this study.

New loci and coding variants confer risk for age-related macular degeneration in East Asians.

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a major cause of blindness, but presents differently in Europeans and Asians. Here, we perform a genome-wide and exome-wide association study on 2,119 patients with exudative AMD and 5,691 controls, with independent replication in 4,226 patients and 10,289 controls, all of East Asian descent, as part of The Genetics of AMD in Asians (GAMA) Consortium. We find a strong association between CETP Asp442Gly (rs2303790), an East Asian-specific mutation, and increased risk of AMD (odds ratio (OR)=1.

Valsalva retinopathy following esophagogastroduodenoscopy under propofol sedation: a case report.

We report a case of Valsalva retinopathy associated with esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) under propofol sedation. A 43-year-old woman who had no previous history of systemic or ocular disease presented with a complaint of decreased vision in her left eye, which developed one day after EGD under propofol sedation. According to the referring physician, the patient had experienced multiple sustained Valsalva maneuvers during EGD.

Angiopoietin-1 suppresses choroidal neovascularization and vascular leakage.

Purpose: To investigate the role of angiopoietin-1 (Ang1) in choroidal neovascularization (CNV) and vascular leakage.

Methods: We generated laser-induced CNV in mice and measured the size of CNV and vascular leakage after intravitreal administration of Ang1. The expressions and distributions of endothelial junctional proteins were analyzed using immunohistochemistry and Western blot.

Management of thick submacular hemorrhage with subretinal tissue plasminogen activator and pneumatic displacement for age-related macular degeneration.

Purpose: To evaluate the outcome of pars plana vitrectomy, subretinal tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) infusion and intraocular gas tamponade with and without postsurgical antivascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) injection for thick submacular hemorrhage due to exudative age-related macular degeneration (AMD).

Design: Retrospective, comparative, interventional case series.

Methods: setting: 2 retina referral centers.

Angiopoietin-1 guides directional angiogenesis through integrin αvβ5 signaling for recovery of ischemic retinopathy.

Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) and proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) are ischemic retinal diseases caused by insufficient vascular network formation and vascular regression in addition to aberrant angiogenesis. We examined the role of angiopoietin-1 (Ang1) in retinal vascular network formation during postnatal development using Ang1 gain- and loss-of-function mouse models, and tested the effects of intraocular administration of Ang1 in an oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR) mouse model that mimics cardinal features of ROP and PDR. We observed that Ang1 plays a substantial role in the formation of the retinal vascular network during postnatal development and that Ang1 supplementation can rescue vascular retinopathies by simultaneously promoting healthy vascular network formation and inhibiting subsequent abnormal angiogenesis, vascular leakage, and neuronal dysfunction in the retinas of the OIR model.

Pharmacogenetic association with early response to intravitreal ranibizumab for age-related macular degeneration in a Korean population.

Purpose: To determine whether genetic factors that influence age-related macular degeneration (AMD) have an early pharmacogenetic effect on treating exudative AMD with ranibizumab in a Korean population.

Methods: A retrospective study of 102 patients (70 with typical neovascular AMD and 32 with polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy) with exudative AMD treated with intravitreal ranibizumab monotherapy was conducted. Optical coherence tomography, fluorescein, and indocyanine green angiography were taken at the baseline.

Reduced-fluence photodynamic therapy combined with intravitreal bevacizumab for polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy.

Purpose: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of reduced-fluence photodynamic therapy (PDT) combined with bevacizumab for polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV).

Design: Prospective, noncomparative, interventional case series.

Methods: Sixteen treatment-naïve patients with polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy were treated with reduced-fluence PDT combined with bevacizumab.

Association between high-risk disease loci and response to anti-vascular endothelial growth factor treatment for wet age-related macular degeneration.

Purpose: To investigate whether there is an association between known age-related macular degeneration genetic risk variants in the CFH, ARMS2, and HTRA1 genes and response to anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) (ranibizumab or bevacizumab) treatment for wet age-related macular degeneration.

Methods: A retrospective review of 150 patients with documented wet age-related macular degeneration based on clinical examination and fluorescein angiogram was performed. Patients received anti-VEGF therapy with ranibizumab and/or bevacizumab.

Bilateral serous retinal detachment as a presenting sign of acute lymphoblastic leukemia.

We present a case of bilateral serous retinal detachment (SRD) as a presenting sign of Philadelphia chromosome-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia (Ph(+) ALL). A 45-year-old woman presented with decreased vision and was found to have bilateral serous retinal detachment. Peripheral blood smears revealed leukocytosis of 53.

Intravitreal bevacizumab for the treatment of neovascular glaucoma associated with central retinal artery occlusion.

We report three cases of neovascular glaucoma secondary to central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO) which were effectively managed with intravitreal bevacizumab (IVB) followed by panretinal photocoagulation (PRP). Neovascular glaucoma without peripheral anterior synechiae developed between one and five weeks following CRAO onset. All patients received 0.

Learning curve of the scleral buckling operation: lessons from the first 97 cases.

Background/aims: To provide an insight into the learning curve associated with scleral buckling surgery for an ophthalmologist on a fellowship course and to evaluate risk factors affecting outcomes during this period.

Methods: Retrospective data were collected on 97 consecutive scleral buckling procedures (divided into 3 consecutive groups) performed by one surgeon (W.C.

Application of intravitreal bevacizumab for circumscribed choroidal hemangioma.

We report 3 cases of circumscribed choroidal hemangioma (CCH) effectively managed with intravitreal bevacizumab. One patient (case 1) who had recurrent CCH (1.6 mm in thickness) with prior laser photocoagulation was treated with intravitreal bevacizumab alone.

A case of oculomotor nerve palsy and choroidal tuberculous granuloma associated with tuberculous meningoencephalitis.

We report a rare case of oculomotor nerve palsy and choroidal tuberculous granuloma associated with tuberculous meningoencephalitis. A 15-year-old male visited our hospital for an acute drop of the left eyelid and diplopia. He has been on anti-tuberculous drugs (isoniazid, rifampin) for 1 year for his tuberculous encephalitis.