Deep Learning-Assisted Diagnosis of Pediatric Skull Fractures on Plain Radiographs.

Objective: To develop and evaluate a deep learning-based artificial intelligence (AI) model for detecting skull fractures on plain radiographs in children.

Materials And Methods: This retrospective multi-center study consisted of a development dataset acquired from two hospitals (n = 149 and 264) and an external test set (n = 95) from a third hospital. Datasets included children with head trauma who underwent both skull radiography and cranial computed tomography (CT).

Transcatheter Dynamic Contrast-Enhanced MR Lymphangiography for Nontraumatic Lymphatic Disorders: Technical Feasibility and Imaging Findings.

This study aimed to evaluate the feasibility and added value of transcatheter dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance (MR) lymphangiography for nontraumatic lymphatic disorders. Five patients (2 males and 3 females; median age, 16.0 years; range, 3-74 years) who underwent both intranodal and transcatheter dynamic contrast-enhanced MR lymphangiography for suspected nontraumatic lymphatic leakages from June 2017 to January 2020 were included in this retrospective study.

Shear-wave elastography for the assessment of testicular involvement of hematologic malignancies in children and young adults: a feasibility study.

Purpose: This study aimed to assess the feasibility of shear-wave elastography (SWE) for assessing the testicular involvement of hematologic malignancies in children and young adults.

Methods: Eight patients (mean age, 11.0 years; range, 0.

Generating synthetic contrast enhancement from non-contrast chest computed tomography using a generative adversarial network.

This study aimed to evaluate a deep learning model for generating synthetic contrast-enhanced CT (sCECT) from non-contrast chest CT (NCCT). A deep learning model was applied to generate sCECT from NCCT. We collected three separate data sets, the development set (n = 25) for model training and tuning, test set 1 (n = 25) for technical evaluation, and test set 2 (n = 12) for clinical utility evaluation.

Posterior Lung Herniation in Pulmonary Agenesis and Aplasia: Chest Radiograph and Cross-Sectional Imaging Correlation.

Objective: To describe the anatomic locations and imaging features of posterior lung herniation in unilateral pulmonary agenesis and aplasia, focusing on radiograph-CT/MRI correlation.

Materials And Methods: A total of 10 patients (seven with pulmonary agenesis and three with pulmonary aplasia, male: female = 1:9, mean age 7.3 years, age range from 1 month to 20 years) were included.

A preliminary study of shear-wave elastography for the evaluation of varicocele in adolescents and young adults.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to use shear-wave elastography (SWE) to assess testicular stiffness changes during the Valsalva maneuver in adolescents and young adults with varicocele, to compare these changes according to clinical severity, and to evaluate the role of SWE in the diagnosis of varicocele.

Methods: This study included patients undergoing testicular ultrasonography for the diagnosis of varicocele or for post-varicocelectomy follow-up between June 2016 and February 2017. Fifty-four testicles of 27 consecutive patients (mean age, 15.

Monitoring Cerebral Perfusion Changes Using Arterial Spin-Labeling Perfusion MRI after Indirect Revascularization in Children with Moyamoya Disease.

Objective: To assess the role of arterial spin-labeling (ASL) perfusion MRI in identifying cerebral perfusion changes after indirect revascularization in children with moyamoya disease.

Materials And Methods: We included pre- and postoperative perfusion MRI data of 30 children with moyamoya disease (13 boys and 17 girls; mean age ± standard deviation, 6.3 ± 3.

The usefulness of noninvasive liver stiffness assessment using shear-wave elastography for predicting liver fibrosis in children.

Background: Pediatric patients with liver disease require noninvasive monitoring to evaluate the risk of fibrosis progression. This study aimed to identify the significant factors affecting liver stiffness values using two-dimensional shear-wave elastography (2D-SWE), and determine whether liver stiffness can predict the fibrosis stage of various childhood liver diseases.

Methods: This study included 30 children (22 boys and 8 girls; mean age, 5.

Korean Society of Thyroid Radiology Guidelines for the Management of Pediatric Thyroid Nodules: Suitability and Risk Factors.

The guideline for managing pediatric thyroid nodules has not been established. We investigated the appropriateness of the Korean Society of Thyroid Radiology (KSThR) guidelines and the need to consider risk factors for managing pediatric thyroid nodules. From August 2007 to February 2020, a database of thyroid nodules in patients younger than 19 years who underwent fine-needle aspiration (FNA) was analyzed.

MRI risk factors for development of avascular necrosis after closed reduction of developmental dysplasia of the hip: Predictive value of contrast-enhanced MRI.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify imaging risk factors on contrast-enhanced hip MRI after closed reduction of developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) that could predict future development of avascular necrosis (AVN) of the femoral head.

Materials And Methods: Fifty-eight infants (F: M = 53: 5, aged 3-18 months) who underwent immediate postoperative contrast-enhanced hip MRI after closed reduction of DDH were included in this study. Quality of reduction (concentric vs eccentric reduction with or without obstacles), abduction angle of the hip, presence of ossific nucleus, and pattern of contrast enhancement of the femoral head were retrospectively evaluated on MRI.

Diagnostic Performance of a New Convolutional Neural Network Algorithm for Detecting Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip on Anteroposterior Radiographs.

Objective: To evaluate the diagnostic performance of a deep learning algorithm for the automated detection of developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) on anteroposterior (AP) radiographs.

Materials And Methods: Of 2601 hip AP radiographs, 5076 cropped unilateral hip joint images were used to construct a dataset that was further divided into training (80%), validation (10%), or test sets (10%). Three radiologists were asked to label the hip images as normal or DDH.

Validation and feasibility of liver T1 mapping using free breathing MOLLI sequence in children and young adults.

We investigated the feasibility of free-breathing modified Look-Locker inversion recovery (MOLLI) sequence for measuring hepatic T1 values in children and young adults. To investigate the accuracy and the reproducibility of the T1 maps, a phantom study was performed with 12 different gadoterate meglumine concentrations and the T1 relaxation times of phantoms measured with the MOLLI sequence were compared against those measured with three different sequences: spin-echo inversion recovery, variable flip angle (VFA), and VFA with B1 correction. To evaluate the feasibility of free-breathing MOLLI sequence, hepatic T1 relaxation times obtained by free-breathing and breath-hold technique in twenty patients were compared.

Noise reduction approach in pediatric abdominal CT combining deep learning and dual-energy technique.

Objectives: To evaluate the image quality of low iodine concentration, dual-energy CT (DECT) combined with a deep learning-based noise reduction technique for pediatric abdominal CT, compared with standard iodine concentration single-energy polychromatic CT (SECT).

Methods: From December 2016 to May 2017, DECT with 300 mg•I/mL contrast medium was performed in 29 pediatric patients (17 boys, 12 girls; age, 2-19 years). The DECT images were reconstructed using a noise-optimized virtual monoenergetic reconstruction image (VMI) with and without a deep learning method.

Clinicopathological findings of pediatric NTRK fusion mesenchymal tumors.

Background: While ETV6- NTRK3 fusion is common in infantile fibrosarcoma, NTRK1/3 fusion in pediatric tumors is scarce and, consequently, not well known. Herein, we evaluated for the presence of NTRK1/3 fusion in pediatric mesenchymal tumors, clinicopathologically and immunophenotypically.

Methods: We reviewed nine NTRK fusion-positive pediatric sarcomas confirmed by fluorescence in situ hybridization and/or next-generation sequencing from Seoul National University Hospital between 2002 and 2020.

Diagnosis of Hippocampal Sclerosis in Children: Comparison of Automated Brain MRI Volumetry and Readers of Varying Experience.

Hippocampal sclerosis (HS) is a leading cause of medically refractory temporal lobe epilepsy in children. The diagnosis is clinically important because most patients with HS have good postsurgical outcomes. This study aimed to compare the performance of a fully automated brain MRI volumetric tool and readers of varying experience in the diagnosis of pediatric HS.

Incidence and Risk Factors of Nausea and Vomiting after Exposure to Low-Osmolality Iodinated Contrast Media in Children: A Focus on Preparative Fasting.

Objective: To evaluate the incidence and risk factors of emetic complications associated with the intravenous administration of low-osmolality iodinated contrast media (ICM) in children undergoing computed tomography (CT).

Materials And Methods: All children who underwent contrast-enhanced CT between April 2017 and July 2019 were included. Pediatric patients were instructed on the preparative dietary protocol at our institution.

Quantitative evaluation of Crohn's disease using dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI in children and young adults.

Objectives: To evaluate the clinical usefulness of dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) in children and young adults with Crohn's disease.

Methods: From August 2017 to October 2018, 30 patients with Crohn's disease (21 males and 9 females; mean age 15.1 ± 2.

Evaluation of frequency-selective non-linear blending technique on brain CT in postoperative children with Moyamoya disease.

Objective: To evaluate whether a frequency-selective non-linear blending (BC) technique can improve tissue contrast and infarct detection on non-enhanced brain CT (NECT) in postoperative Moyamoya (MMD) patients.

Materials And Methods: From January 2010 to December 2017, 33 children (13boys and 20girls; mean age 9.1±3.

Application of Vendor-Neutral Iterative Reconstruction Technique to Pediatric Abdominal Computed Tomography.

Objective: To compare image qualities between vendor-neutral and vendor-specific hybrid iterative reconstruction (IR) techniques for abdominopelvic computed tomography (CT) in young patients.

Materials And Methods: In phantom study, we used an anthropomorphic pediatric phantom, age-equivalent to 5-year-old, and reconstructed CT data using traditional filtered back projection (FBP), vendor-specific and vendor-neutral IR techniques (ClariCT; ClariPI) in various radiation doses. Noise, low-contrast detectability and subjective spatial resolution were compared between FBP, vendor-specific (i.

Correlation between chest radiographic findings and clinical features in hospitalized children with Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia.

Background: Radiologic evaluation of children with Mycoplasma pneumoniae is important for diagnosis and management.

Objective: To investigate the correlation between chest radiographic findings and the clinical features in children with Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia.

Materials And Methods: This study included 393 hospitalized children diagnosed with M.

A Pediatric Case of a D-Penicillamine Induced ANCA-associated Vasculitis Manifesting a Pulmonary-Renal Syndrome.

D-penicillamine has been reported to cause antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis presenting as rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis or pulmonary-renal syndrome mostly in adults. We report a pediatric case of D-penicillamine induced ANCA-associated vasculitis that manifests as a pulmonary-renal syndrome with a mild renal manifestation. A 13-year-old girl who has been taking D-penicillamine for five years under the diagnosis of Wilson disease visited the emergency room because of hemoptysis and dyspnea.

Arterial Spin Labeling MRI for Quantitative Assessment of Cerebral Perfusion Before and After Cerebral Revascularization in Children with Moyamoya Disease.

Objective: To determine the correlation between cerebral blood flow (CBF) on arterial spin labeling (ASL) MRI and the degree of postoperative revascularization assessed on digital subtraction angiography in children with moyamoya disease (MMD).

Materials And Methods: Twenty-one children (9 boys and 12 girls; mean age, 8.4 ± 3.

Computerized texture analysis of pulmonary nodules in pediatric patients with osteosarcoma: Differentiation of pulmonary metastases from non-metastatic nodules.

Objective: To retrospectively evaluate the value of computerized 3D texture analysis for differentiating pulmonary metastases from non-metastatic lesions in pediatric patients with osteosarcoma.

Materials And Methods: This retrospective study was approved by the institutional review board. The study comprised 42 pathologically confirmed pulmonary nodules in 16 children with osteosarcoma who had undergone preoperative computed tomography between January 2009 and December 2014.