Histopathologic findings of the lens capsule and persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous in Korean pediatric cataract patients.

This study aimed to measure lens capsule thickness and investigate histopathologic characteristics of persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous (PHPV) in Korean pediatric cataracts. We analyzed lens capsules from 116 eyes of 83 pediatric cataract patients treated between 2011 and 2015. The mean thickness of the anterior/posterior capsule was 7.

Characterization of Immune Cell Subsets of Tumor Infiltrating Lymphocytes in Brain Metastases.

The heterogeneity of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) is not well characterized in brain metastasis. To address this, we performed a targeted analysis of immune-cell subsets in brain metastasis tissues to test immunosuppressive routes involved in brain metastasis. We performed multiplex immunofluorescence (mIF), using commercially available validated antibodies on formalin-fixed paraffin embedded whole sections.

Standardized Pathology Report for Breast Cancer.

Given the recent advances in management and understanding of breast cancer, a standardized pathology report reflecting these changes is critical. To meet this need, the Breast Pathology Study Group of the Korean Society of Pathologists has developed a standardized pathology reporting format for breast cancer, consisting of 'standard data elements,' 'conditional data elements,' and a biomarker report form. The 'standard data elements' consist of the basic pathologic features used for prognostication, while other factors related to prognosis or diagnosis are described in the 'conditional data elements.

Standardized pathology report for breast cancer.

Given the recent advances in management and understanding of breast cancer, a standardized pathology report reflecting these changes is critical. To meet this need, the Breast Pathology Study Group of the Korean Society of Pathologists has developed a standardized pathology reporting format for breast cancer, consisting of 'standard data elements,' 'conditional data elements,' and a biomarker report form. The 'standard data elements' consist of the basic pathologic features used for prognostication, while other factors related to prognosis or diagnosis are described in the 'conditional data elements.

Pitfalls and controversies in pathology impacting breast cancer management.

: Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease, at morphological, molecular, and clinical levels and this has significant implications for the diagnosis and management of the disease. The introduction of breast screening, and the use of small tissue sampling for diagnosis, the recognition of new morphological and molecular subtypes, and the increasing use of neoadjuvant therapies have created challenges in pathological diagnosis and classification.: Areas of potential difficulty include columnar cell lesions, particularly flat epithelial atypia, atypical ductal hyperplasia, lobular neoplasia and its variants, and a range of papillary lesions.

Differences in immune contextures among different molecular subtypes of gastric cancer and their prognostic impact.

Background: Gastric cancers have been recently classified in accordance with their molecular characteristics, thus demonstrating the complex nature of cancers and an association with the immune contexture within the tumor microenvironment. This study aimed to investigate the correlation between the molecular subtype and immune contexture of gastric cancers.

Methods: The immune contexture, including the type, density, and location of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), of gastric cancer patients was examined and immune subtypes were classified based on it.

Loss of SMAD4 protein expression in gastrointestinal and extra-gastrointestinal carcinomas.

Aims: SMAD4 (DPC4) is a tumour suppressor gene that is dysregulated in various tumour types, particularly pancreaticobiliary and gastrointestinal carcinomas. Corresponding loss of protein expression has been reported in approximately 50% of pancreatic and 25% of colonic adenocarcinomas. In the evaluation of carcinoma of unknown primary site, immunohistochemical loss of SMAD4 expression is often used to suggest pancreaticobiliary origin, but there are limited data on the spectrum of SMAD4 expression in carcinomas of other sites.

Sonographic Features of a Myeloid Sarcoma of the Breast as a Relapse of Acute Myeloid Leukemia After Stem-Cell Transplantation: A Case Report.

BACKGROUND Myeloid sarcoma is a rarely observed extramedullary presentation of myeloid leukemia that seldom manifests in the breast. Myeloid sarcoma can occur before, concurrently with, or following acute myeloid leukemia presentation. Few reports have focused on the imaging findings in cases of myeloid sarcoma of the breast, and the existing findings are variable and nonspecific; the present case report aimed to bridge this gap.

Clinical and Imaging Features of a Ruptured Epidermal Inclusion Cyst in the Subareolar Area: A Case Report.

BACKGROUND Epidermal inclusion cysts rarely develop in the breast. The cysts that do develop within the breast typically present as cutaneous or subcutaneous cysts. They more rarely present in a subareolar location or in a ruptured state.

Diabetes as a prognostic factor in HER-2 positive breast cancer patients treated with targeted therapy.

Purpose: Recent studies revealed that metabolic stress influences the outcomes of breast cancer treatment. We sought to evaluate the prognostic effect of type 2 diabetes and find the molecular mechanism of relapses in postoperative HER-2+ breast cancer patients treated with HER-2 targeted therapy.

Materials And Methods: We evaluated 190 HER-2+ breast cancer patients (pT1-4N0-2M0) who were treated with surgical resection and trastuzumab (HER-2 targeted therapy) between 2006 and 2015.

Sonographic Features of Flat Epithelial Atypia Manifesting as a Non-Mass-Like Lesion: A Case Report.

BACKGROUND The incidence of flat epithelial atypia of the breast has been increasing owing to the increasing use of ultrasonography (US) and US-guided core needle biopsy. However, reports describing the sonographic features of flat epithelial atypia are fewer than those on its mammographic features. CASE REPORT A 47-year-old female had a regular 6 month-interval follow-up US for multiple bilateral breast masses detected on US.

Ki-67 labeling index as a prognostic marker in advanced stomach cancer.

Purpose: Proliferation marker Ki-67 is widely used in cancer prognosis prediction. We tried to investigate the role of Ki-67 as a prognostic factor in stomach cancer after surgery in this study.

Methods: We retrospectively evaluated 251 patients who underwent curative resection for gastric cancer from 2010 to 2015.

Potential protective effect of ALDH-1 stromal expression against early recurrence of operable breast cancers.

Background: The emerging cancer stem cell (CSC) model proposes that the stem cell niche plays a major role in the risk of cancer recurrence. Enzymatic activity of aldehydes, including aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 (ALDH-1), has been used as a marker of normal and malignant breast stem cells (BSCs). However, the clinical implications of the expression of stem cell markers in the stroma have not yet been investigated.

Imaging and Clinical Features of an Unusual Unilateral Breast Enlargement Diagnosed as Fibrocystic Change: A Case Report.

BACKGROUND Breasts are assumed to be symmetrical bilaterally, and abnormal findings on breast imaging are largely based on such an assumption. Clinically noticeable breast asymmetry beyond that of normal range is rarely encountered. CASE REPORT A 38-year-old female presented with unilateral enlargement of her left breast for 3 months and complained of polymenorrhea twice a month.

Cutaneous metastases of breast cancer during adjuvant chemotherapy correlates with increasing CD44/CD24 and ALDH-1 expression: a case report and literature review.

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) within a tumor are scarce and self-sustaining and they have the abilities for self-renewal and the potential of giving rise to diverse types of cells that compose the tumor. These cells are suggested to be associated with therapeutic failure, and therefore they remain as an important issue in this regard. We report the cases of two breast cancer patients diagnosed with rapid cutaneous metastases during adjuvant cytotoxic chemotherapy after curative mastectomy.

Simple classifiers for molecular subtypes of colorectal cancer.

Background And Study Aim: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a heterogeneous disease entity with a diverse biological pathogenesis. This study aims to validate the two studies published in 2013 which established a separate CRC molecular subtype classification by utilizing a rapidly accessible miniclassifier, and verify a simplified version thereof.

Patients And Methods: Participants diagnosed with CRC (n = 568) were subtyped in three classifications for characteristic, and prognostic purposes.

Axillary Skip Metastases and the False-Negative Rate of Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy in Patients With Breast Cancer Are Related to Negative ALDH-1 Expression and Ki-67 Expression.

Breast cancer stem cells (CSCs) have been hypothesized to be the driving force behind tumorigenesis and metastasis. In this study, we evaluated the relationships between CSC expressions in primary breast cancers and corresponding metastatic sentinel and nonsentinel lymph nodes (SLNs and NSLNs). The clinical implications of these relationships were also investigated.

[Concomitant Drug Reaction with Eosinophilia and Systemic Symptom Syndrome from Ethambutol and Autoimmune Hepatitis from Isoniazid].

Anti-tuberculosis drugs can produce levels of hepatotoxicity ranging from mild elevation of aminotransferase to severe acute hepatitis. A few cases of drug-induced autoimmune hepatitis or the drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptom (DRESS) syndrome by anti-tuberculosis medications have been reported. However, concomitant occurrence of these two disorders has not been reported.

Merkel Cell Carcinoma of the Axilla and Adrenal Gland: A Case Report with Imaging and Pathologic Findings.

Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is a rare and aggressive neuroendocrine carcinoma of the skin. MCC is characterized by a high incidence of locoregional recurrence, and distant metastasis, and often requires short-term follow-up after treatment. In this present paper, we describe a rare case of MCC, which presented as a palpable axillary mass and an incidental adrenal mass, and report on the ultrasonography, computed tomography, and (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography findings.

Right ventricle inflow obstructing mass proven to be a synovial sarcoma.

Soft tissue sarcoma is the most common malignant cardiac tumor. The chief modes of presentation are embolization, obstruction, and arrhythmogenesis. We describe an unusual case of a 27-year-old man who presented with nausea and dyspnea on exertion.

Lymph node metastasis in early gastric cancer: evaluation of a novel method for measuring submucosal invasion and development of a nodal predicting index.

After endoscopic resection of early gastric cancer (EGC), it is imperative to accurately determine whether follow-up surgery is indicated, since this technique is used as a first line of treatment. Herein, we developed a scoring system to indicate the risk of lymph node metastasis in submucosal EGC (smEGC), and present a novel method to measure depth of submucosal invasion. In our series, 15.

High-throughput DNA hypermethylation profiling in different ovarian epithelial cancer subtypes using universal bead array.

DNA hypermethylation is common and plays a critical role in the regulation of gene expression. It is considered a major cause of carcinogenesis. High-throughput profiling method has been developed to analyze the methylation status of hundreds of pre-selected genes simultaneously.

The expression of MAGE and GAGE genes in uterine cervical carcinoma of Korea by RT-PCR with common primers.

Background: Melanoma antigen genes (MAGE) and GAGE genes are encoded by genes that are silent in virtually all normal adult tissues but are expressed in tumors from various tissues. These gene products are targets for specific immunotherapy as they are presented by HLA I molecules and recognized by autologous cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. However, the characteristics of these genes, especially in uterine cervical cancer are relatively unknown.