Towards long-tailed, multi-label disease classification from chest X-ray: Overview of the CXR-LT challenge.

Many real-world image recognition problems, such as diagnostic medical imaging exams, are "long-tailed" - there are a few common findings followed by many more relatively rare conditions. In chest radiography, diagnosis is both a long-tailed and multi-label problem, as patients often present with multiple findings simultaneously. While researchers have begun to study the problem of long-tailed learning in medical image recognition, few have studied the interaction of label imbalance and label co-occurrence posed by long-tailed, multi-label disease classification.

Fine-Grained Self-Supervised Learning with Jigsaw puzzles for medical image classification.

Classifying fine-grained lesions is challenging due to minor and subtle differences in medical images. This is because learning features of fine-grained lesions with highly minor differences is very difficult in training deep neural networks. Therefore, in this paper, we introduce Fine-Grained Self-Supervised Learning(FG-SSL) method for classifying subtle lesions in medical images.

Towards long-tailed, multi-label disease classification from chest X-ray: Overview of the CXR-LT challenge.

Many real-world image recognition problems, such as diagnostic medical imaging exams, are "long-tailed" - there are a few common findings followed by many more relatively rare conditions. In chest radiography, diagnosis is both a and problem, as patients often present with multiple findings simultaneously. While researchers have begun to study the problem of long-tailed learning in medical image recognition, few have studied the interaction of label imbalance and label co-occurrence posed by long-tailed, multi-label disease classification.

Light-Driven Fabrication of a Chiral Photonic Lattice of the Helical Nanofilament Liquid Crystal Phase.

A photonic lattice is an efficient platform for optically exploring quantum phenomena. However, its fabrication requires high costs and complex procedures when conventional materials, such as silicon or metals, are used. Here, we demonstrate a simple and cost-effective fabrication method for a reconfigurable chiral photonic lattice of the helical nanofilament (HNF) liquid crystal (LC) phase and diffraction grating showing wavelength-dependent diffraction with a rotated polarization state.

Directing Polymorphism in the Helical Nanofilament Phase.

Herein, it is reported that the polymorphism in the helical nanofilament (HNF, B ) liquid-crystalline phase depends on the fabrication methods, that is, UV-driven formation and template-assisted self-assembly in the nanoconfined geometry. As a result, uniaxially oriented HNFs with different helical structures were obtained, in which generation of the twisted-ribbon and cylindrical-ribbon polymorphs showed that even the molecular lattice has a different orientation. The detailed structures were directly observed by SEM and grazing-incidence X-ray diffraction with synchrotron radiation.

Security use of the chiral photonic film made of helical liquid crystal structures.

The color change of photonic crystals (PCs) has been widely studied due to their beauty and anti-counterfeiting applications. Herein, we demonstrated security codes based on chiral PCs that cannot be easily mimicked and are quite different from the conventional technology used currently. The chiral PCs can be made by self-assembly and the structural colors change based on the polarization of the light in the transmission mode.

Nanoconfinement of the Low-Temperature Dark Conglomerate: Structural Control from Focal Conics to Helical Nanofilaments.

The helical nanofilament (HNF) and low-temperature dark conglomerate (DC) liquid-crystal (LC) phases of bent-core molecules show the same local layer structure but present different bulk morphologies. The DC phase is characterized by the formation of nanoscale toric focal conics, whereas the HNF phase is constructed of bundles of twisted layers. Although the local layer structure is similar in both phases, materials that form these phases tend to form one morphology in preference to the other.

Manipulation of Supramolecular Columnar Structures of H-Bonded Donor-Acceptor Units through Geometrical Nanoconfinement.

Ambipolar organic semiconductors are considered promising for organic electronics because of their interesting electric properties. Many hurdles remain yet to be overcome before they can be used for practical applications, especially because their orientation is hard to control. We demonstrate a method to control the orientation of columnar structures based on a hydrogen (H)-bonded donor-acceptor complex between a star-shaped tris(triazolyl)triazine and triphenylene-containing benzoic acid, using physicochemical nanoconfinement.

Simple Solvent Engineering for High-Mobility and Thermally Robust Conjugated Polymer Nanowire Field-Effect Transistors.

Electron donor (D)-acceptor (A)-type conjugated polymers (CPs) have emerged as promising semiconductor candidates for organic field-effect transistors. Despite their high charge carrier mobilities, optimization of electrical properties of D-A-type CPs generally suffers from complicated post-deposition treatments such as high-temperature thermal annealing or solvent-vapor annealing. In this work, we report a high-mobility diketopyrrolopyrrole-based D-A-type CP nanowires, self-assembled by a simple but very effective solvent engineering method that requires no additional processes after film deposition.