Metabolomic characterization of malolactic fermentation and fermentative behaviors of wine yeasts in grape wine.

Wine contains a number of metabolites that are produced during alcoholic and malolactic fermentations (MLF) or aging, which are important compounds for determining wine quality. This study investigated changes in metabolites in wines to characterize malolactic fermentation (MLF) and to assess fermentative behaviors of wine yeast strains using (1)H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy coupled with multivariate statistics. Principal component analysis (PCA) showed clear differentiation between non- and induced-malolactic fermented wines by wine lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and between wines fermented with various wine yeast strains.

New method development for nanoparticle extraction of water-soluble beta-(1-->3)-D-glucan from edible mushrooms, Sparassis crispa and Phellinus linteus.

Sparassis crispa and Phellinus linteus are edible/medicinal mushrooms that have remarkably high contents of beta-(1-->3)-D-glucan, which acts as a biological response modifier, but difficulty in cultivating the fruiting bodies and extraction of beta-D-glucan have restricted detailed studies. Therefore, a novel process for nanoparticle extraction of Sparan, the beta-D-glucan from Sparassis crispa, and Phellin, the beta-D-glucan from Phellinus linteus, has been investigated using insoluble tungsten carbide as a model for nanoknife technology. This is the first report showing that the nanoknife method results in high yields of Sparan (70.

Metabolomic studies on geographical grapes and their wines using 1H NMR analysis coupled with multivariate statistics.

Environmental vineyard conditions can affect the chemical composition or metabolites of grapes and their wines. Grapes grown in three different regions of South Korea were collected and separated into pulp, skin, and seed. The grapes were also vinified after crushing.

(1)H NMR-based metabolomic approach for understanding the fermentation behaviors of wine yeast strains.

(1)H NMR spectroscopy coupled with multivariate statistical analysis was used for the first time to investigate metabolic changes in musts during alcoholic fermentation and wines during aging. Three Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast strains (RC-212, KIV-1116, and KUBY-501) were also evaluated for their impacts on the metabolic changes in must and wine. Pattern recognition (PR) methods, including PCA, PLS-DA, and OPLS-DA scores plots, showed clear differences for metabolites among musts or wines for each fermentation stage up to 6 months.

1H nuclear magnetic resonance-based metabolomic characterization of wines by grape varieties and production areas.

(1)H NMR spectroscopy was used to investigate the metabolic differences in wines produced from different grape varieties and different regions. A significant separation among wines from Campbell Early, Cabernet Sauvignon, and Shiraz grapes was observed using principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA). The metabolites contributing to the separation were assigned to be 2,3-butanediol, lactate, acetate, proline, succinate, malate, glycerol, tartarate, glucose, and phenolic compounds by PCA and PLS-DA loading plots.

Detection and recovery of hydrolytic enzymes from spent compost of four mushroom species.

To evaluate the potential of using the enzymes from spent mushroom compost (SMC) as an industrial enzyme, the production of alpha-amylase, cellulase, beta-glucosidase, laccase, and xylanase was determined from the SMC of four edible mushroom species (Pleurotus ostreatus, Lentinula edodes, Flammulina velutipes and Hericium erinaceum). Among the tested SMC, the SMC of L. edodes showed the highest enzyme activity in alpha-amylase (229 nkat/g), cellulase (759 nkat/g) and beta-glucosidase (767 nkat/g) in 0.

Comparative study of mycelial growth and basidiomata formation in seven different species of the edible mushroom genus Hericium.

The potential of using several agricultural by-products as supplements of sawdust substrate for the production of edible mushroom Hericium was evaluated using seven Hericium species. All the tested supplements (rice bran, wheat bran, barley bran, Chinese cabbage, egg shell, and soybean powder) were found to be suitable for the mycelial growth of all the tested species. In mycelial growth, soybean powder was the best supplement for Hericium americanum, Hericium coralloides, and Hericium erinaceum while barley bran was the best for Hericium alpestre, Hericium laciniatum, and Hericium erinaceus.

Systemic movement of a movement-deficient strain of Cucumber mosaic virus in zucchini squash is facilitated by a cucurbit-infecting potyvirus.

Zucchini squash (Cucurbita pepo) is a systemic host for most strains of the cucumovirus Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), although the long-distance movement of the M strain of CMV (M-CMV) is inhibited in some cultivars. However, co-infection of zucchini plants with M-CMV and the potyvirus Zucchini yellow mosaic virus strain A (ZYMV-A) allowed M-CMV to move systemically, as demonstrated by tissue-print analysis. These doubly infected plants exhibited severe synergism in pathology.

Generation of infectious cDNA clones of a Korean strain of tomato aspermy virus.

Infectious full-length cDNA clones of the Korean strain of tomato aspermy cucumovirus (KC-TAV) were constructed using a long-template reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. The in vitro RNA transcripts, which were produced using T7 RNA polymerase from full-length cDNAs, could systemically infect the Nicotiana tabacum cv. Xanti-nc plants and induce systemic symptoms on the upper leaves that are similar to the wildtype KC-TAV.