Association of acute tubular necrosis with gross hematuria in cirrhosis-related immunoglobulin A nephropathy.

Immunoglobulin A (IgA) nephropathy associated with cirrhosis is the most common form of secondary IgA nephropathy (IgAN). Cirrhosis-related IgAN is usually clinically silent with a rare occurrence of gross hematuria, unlike in cases of idiopathic IgAN. Especially, acute tubular necrosis (ATN) associated with gross hematuria is very rare in cirrhosis-related IgAN, although acute renal failure is a frequently reported complication in advanced cirrhosis.

Comparison of the effects of vapocoolant spray and topical anesthetic cream on pain during needle electromyography in the medial gastrocnemius.

Objective: To compare the effects of a vapocoolant spray and an eutectic mixture of local anesthetics (EMLA) cream in reducing pain during needle electromyography examination.

Design: Randomized controlled trial.

Setting: Physical medicine and rehabilitation department of a university hospital.