New York State Climate Impacts Assessment Chapter 03: Agriculture.

Agriculture is a vital industry in New York State, which ranks among the top-producing states for dairy, fruits, and several other commodities. As agriculture depends on the weather and specific climatic conditions, this sector faces extraordinary challenges as New York's climate changes. This chapter explores the many impacts of a changing climate on agriculture, the ways these impacts interact with other challenges that New York farmers and farmworkers face, and opportunities for the agriculture industry to adapt and build resilience.

Land-based foraging by polar bears reveals sexual conflict outside mating season.

According to sexual selection theory, the sexes are faced with opposing evolutionary goals. Male fitness benefits from access to females, whereas female fitness is constrained by food resources and safety for themselves and their offspring. Particularly in large solitary carnivores, such as polar bears (Ursus maritimus), these divergent goals can potentially lead to conflict between the sexes.

Targeted biopsy added to systematic biopsy improves cancer detection in prostate cancer screening.

Background: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)/ultrasound targeted biopsy has frequently been used together with a 12-core systematic biopsy for prostate cancer screening in the past few years. However, the efficacy of targeted biopsy compared to systematic biopsy, as well as its clinical-histologic correlation, has been assessed by a limited number of studies and is further investigated in this study.

Design: We collected 960 cases with both targeted and systematic prostate biopsies from 04/2019 to 04/2022 (Table 1).

Head-to-head comparison of relative cerebral blood flow derived from dynamic [F]florbetapir and [F]flortaucipir PET in subjects with subjective cognitive decline.

Background: Dynamic PET imaging studies provide accurate estimates of specific binding, but also measure the relative tracer delivery (R), which is a proxy for relative cerebral blood flow (rCBF). Recently, studies suggested that R obtained from different tracers could be used interchangeably and is irrespective of target tissue. However, the similarities or differences of R obtained from different PET tracers still require validation.

Histopathologic Features of Breast Tissue From Transgender Men and Their Associations With Androgen Therapy.

Objectives: To assess the histopathologic features of breast tissue of transgender men (TM) undergoing gender-affirming bilateral mastectomies in relation to androgen therapy (AT).

Methods: We reviewed 374 transgender bilateral mastectomy cases from 2017 to 2020. Of these, 314 (84.

Homeowner firewise behaviors in fire-prone central Oregon: An exploration of the attitudinal, situational, and cultural worldviews impacting pre-fire mitigation actions.

As a result of climate change and past management practices, wildfires are becoming larger and occurring more frequently than ever before in the Western U.S. In order to mitigate the effects of this growing threat, fire management agencies such as the U.

Longitudinal Tau PET Using F-Flortaucipir: The Effect of Relative Cerebral Blood Flow on Quantitative and Semiquantitative Parameters.

Semiquantitative PET measures such as SUV ratio (SUVr) have several advantages over quantitative measures, such as practical applicability and relative computational simplicity. However, SUVr may potentially be affected by changes in blood flow, whereas quantitative measures such as nondisplaceable binding potential (BP) are not. For F-flortaucipir PET, the sensitivity of SUVr for changes in blood flow is currently unknown.

A Head-to-Head Comparison Between Plasma pTau181 and Tau PET Along the Alzheimer's Disease Continuum.

Both plasma tau phosphorylated at threonine-181 (pTau181) and tau PET show potential for detecting Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology and predicting clinical progression. In this study, we performed a head-to-head comparison between plasma pTau181 and tau PET along the AD continuum. We included participants from the Amsterdam Dementia Cohort who underwent F-flortaucipir (tau) PET and had a plasma sample biobanked within 12 mo from tau PET.

Tauroursodeoxycholic Acid Reduces Neuroinflammation but Does Not Support Long Term Functional Recovery of Rats with Spinal Cord Injury.

The bile acid tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA) reduces cell death under oxidative stress and inflammation. Implants of bone marrow-derived stromal cells (bmSC) are currently under investigation in clinical trials of spinal cord injury (SCI). Since cell death of injected bmSC limits the efficacy of this treatment, the cytoprotective effect of TUDCA may enhance its benefit.

Public Water Policy Knowledge and Policy Preferences in the American West.

The Western United States has made significant contributions to agricultural products both domestically and internationally. As the Western U.S.

Validation and test-retest repeatability performance of parametric methods for [C]UCB-J PET.

[C]UCB-J is a PET radioligand that binds to the presynaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2A. Therefore, [C]UCB-J PET may serve as an in vivo marker of synaptic integrity. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the quantitative accuracy and the 28-day test-retest repeatability (TRT) of various parametric quantitative methods for dynamic [C]UCB-J studies in Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients and healthy controls (HC).

Genetically identical twins show comparable tau PET load and spatial distribution.

Tau accumulation starts during the preclinical phase of Alzheimer's disease and is closely associated with cognitive decline. For preventive purposes, it is important to identify factors associated with tau accumulation and spread. Studying genetically identical twin-pairs may give insight into genetic and environmental contributions to tau pathology, as similarities in identical twin-pairs largely result from genetic factors, while differences in identical twin-pairs can largely be attributed to non-shared, environmental factors.

Differential associations between neocortical tau pathology and blood flow with cognitive deficits in early-onset vs late-onset Alzheimer's disease.

Purpose: Early-onset Alzheimer's disease (EOAD) and late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD) differ in neuropathological burden and type of cognitive deficits. Assessing tau pathology and relative cerebral blood flow (rCBF) measured with [F]flortaucipir PET in relation to cognition may help explain these differences between EOAD and LOAD.

Methods: Seventy-nine amyloid-positive individuals with a clinical diagnosis of AD (EOAD: n = 35, age-at-PET = 59 ± 5, MMSE = 23 ± 4; LOAD: n = 44, age-at-PET = 71 ± 5, MMSE = 23 ± 4) underwent a 130-min dynamic [F]flortaucipir PET scan and extensive neuropsychological assessment.

Using moral foundations in government communication to reduce vaccine hesitancy.

Having a vaccine available does not necessarily imply that it will be used. Indeed, uptake rates for existing vaccines against infectious diseases have been fluctuating in recent years. Literature suggests that vaccine hesitancy may be grounded in deeply rooted intuitions or values, which can be modelled using Moral Foundations Theory (MFT).

[F]Flortaucipir PET Across Various Mutations in Presymptomatic and Symptomatic Carriers.

Objective: To assess the [F]flortaucipir binding distribution across mutations in presymptomatic and symptomatic carriers.

Methods: We compared regional [F]flortaucipir binding potential (BP) derived from a 130-minute dynamic [F]flortaucipir PET scan in 9 (pre)symptomatic mutation carriers (4 with P301L [1 symptomatic], 2 with R406W [1 symptomatic], 1 presymptomatic L315R, 1 presymptomatic S320F, and 1 symptomatic G272V carrier) with 30 cognitively normal controls and 52 patients with Alzheimer disease.

Results: [F]Flortaucipir BP images showed overall highest binding in the symptomatic carriers.

Environmental Efficacy, Climate Change Beliefs, Ideology, and Public Water Policy Preferences.

Water is an unpredictable and often overallocated resource in the American West, one that strains policy makers to come up with viable, and politically acceptable policies to mitigate water management concerns. While large federal reclamation projects once dominated western water management and provided ample water for large scale agricultural development as well as the urbanization of the West, water engineering alone is no longer sufficient or, in some cases, a politically acceptable policy option. As demand for water in the West increases with an ever-growing population, climate change is presenting a more challenging and potentially untenable, reality of even longer periods of drought and insufficient water quantity.

The Future of Food: Understanding Public Preferences for the Management of Agricultural Resources.

The current U.S food system has managed to provide abundant food at a relatively low cost, even as the population increases. However, this unfettered growth is reaching maximum yields as demand for greater food production competes with other uses of agricultural lands.

Kinetics and 28-day test-retest repeatability and reproducibility of [C]UCB-J PET brain imaging.

[C]UCB-J is a novel radioligand that binds to synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2A (SV2A). The main objective of this study was to determine the 28-day test-retest repeatability (TRT) of quantitative [C]UCB-J brain positron emission tomography (PET) imaging in Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients and healthy controls (HCs). Nine HCs and eight AD patients underwent two 60 min dynamic [C]UCB-J PET scans with arterial sampling with an interval of 28 days.

Heterogeneous distribution of tau pathology in the behavioural variant of Alzheimer's disease.

Objective: The clinical phenotype of the rare behavioural variant of Alzheimer's disease (bvAD) is insufficiently understood. Given the strong clinico-anatomical correlations of tau pathology in AD, we investigated the distribution of tau deposits in bvAD, in-vivo and ex-vivo, using positron emission tomography (PET) and postmortem examination.

Methods: For the tau PET study, seven amyloid-β positive bvAD patients underwent [F]flortaucipir or [F]RO948 PET.

The strategic biomarker roadmap for the validation of Alzheimer's diagnostic biomarkers: methodological update.

Background: The 2017 Alzheimer's disease (AD) Strategic Biomarker Roadmap (SBR) structured the validation of AD diagnostic biomarkers into 5 phases, systematically assessing analytical validity (Phases 1-2), clinical validity (Phases 3-4), and clinical utility (Phase 5) through primary and secondary Aims. This framework allows to map knowledge gaps and research priorities, accelerating the route towards clinical implementation. Within an initiative aimed to assess the development of biomarkers of tau pathology, we revised this methodology consistently with progress in AD research.

Clinical validity of increased cortical uptake of [F]flortaucipir on PET as a biomarker for Alzheimer's disease in the context of a structured 5-phase biomarker development framework.

Purpose: In 2017, the Geneva Alzheimer's disease (AD) Biomarker Roadmap initiative adapted the framework of the systematic validation of oncological diagnostic biomarkers to AD biomarkers, with the aim to accelerate their development and implementation in clinical practice. With this work, we assess the maturity of [F]flortaucipir PET and define its research priorities.

Methods: The level of maturity of [F]flortaucipir was assessed based on the AD Biomarker Roadmap.

In vivo tau pathology is associated with synaptic loss and altered synaptic function.

Background: The mechanism of synaptic loss in Alzheimer's disease is poorly understood and may be associated with tau pathology. In this combined positron emission tomography (PET) and magnetoencephalography (MEG) study, we aimed to investigate spatial associations between regional tau pathology ([F]flortaucipir PET), synaptic density (synaptic vesicle 2A [C]UCB-J PET) and synaptic function (MEG) in Alzheimer's disease.

Methods: Seven amyloid-positive Alzheimer's disease subjects from the Amsterdam Dementia Cohort underwent dynamic 130-min [F]flortaucipir PET, dynamic 60-min [C]UCB-J PET with arterial sampling and 2 × 5-min resting-state MEG measurement.

Effect of Shortening the Scan Duration on Quantitative Accuracy of [F]Flortaucipir Studies.

Purpose: Dynamic positron emission tomography (PET) protocols allow for accurate quantification of [F]flortaucipir-specific binding. However, dynamic acquisitions can be challenging given the long required scan duration of 130 min. The current study assessed the effect of shorter scan protocols for [F]flortaucipir on its quantitative accuracy.

Non-invasive Standardised Uptake Value for Verification of the Use of Previously Validated Reference Region for [F]Flortaucipir and [F]Florbetapir Brain PET Studies.

Purpose: The simplified reference tissue model (SRTM) is commonly applied for the quantification of brain positron emission tomography (PET) studies, particularly because it avoids arterial cannulation. SRTM requires a validated reference region which is obtained by baseline-blocking or displacement studies. Once a reference region is validated, the use should be verified for each new subject.