High prevalence of colonization with extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing and multidrug-resistant Enterobacterales in the community in Addis Ababa Ethiopia: risk factors, carbapenem resistance, and molecular characterization.

Background: Globally, extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing and carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales are major causes of hospital-acquired infections and there are increasing concerns about their role in community-acquired infections.

Objective: We aimed to investigate the prevalence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacterales (ESBL-PE) and Carbapenemase-producing-Carbapenemresistant-Enterobacterales (CP-CRE) and associated factors in community settings in Gulele sub city, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 261 healthy individuals.

Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase and carbapenemase-producing Escherichia coli O157:H7 among diarrheic patients in Shashemene, Ethiopia.

Background: The worldwide increase in multidrug resistance is a major threat to public health. One particular concern is the presence of Escherichia coli strains that carry Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase (ESBL) and Carbapenemase enzymes, which can make multiple antibiotics ineffective. This complicates treatment strategies and raises the risk of illness and death.

Genotypic and phenotypic drug resistance patterns of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolated from presumptive pulmonary tuberculosis patients in Ethiopia: A multicenter study.

Background: The emergence of drug-resistant tuberculosis (DR-TB) has been a major obstacle to global tuberculosis control programs, especially in developing countries, including Ethiopia. This study investigated drug resistance patterns and associated mutations of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex (MTBC) isolates from the Amhara, Gambella, and Benishangul-Gumuz regions of Ethiopia.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted using 128 MTBC isolates obtained from patients with presumptive tuberculosis (TB).

Antimicrobial susceptibility in and epidemiological data of gonorrhoea patients in five cities across Ethiopia, 2021-22.

Introduction: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in is a global public health concern and enhanced global gonococcal AMR surveillance is imperative. As in many African countries, regular, representative and quality-assured gonococcal AMR is lacking in Ethiopia. We describe the AMR in gonococcal isolates from five cities across Ethiopia, 2021-22, and patient epidemiological data.

Colonization with extended spectrum beta-lactamase and carbapenemases producing Enterobacteriaceae among hospitalized patients at the global level: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background: Gut commensal bacteria can mediate resistance against pathogenic bacteria. However, exposure to antibiotics and hospitalization may facilitate the emergence of multidrug resistant bacteria. We aimed to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis to provide comprehensive evidence about colonization rate of extended spectrum beta-lactamase and carbapenemases producing Enterobacteriaceae.

Trends in HIV-1 pretreatment drug resistance and HIV-1 variant dynamics among antiretroviral therapy-naive Ethiopians from 2003 to 2018: a pooled sequence analysis.

Background: Ethiopia is among the highly HIV-affected countries, with reported 12,000 and 12,000 AIDS-related deaths and incidents as per reports from 2021. Although the country has made a promising progress in antiretroviral therapy, recent studies have indicated that pretreatment drug resistance (PDR) is alarmingly increasing, which has become a challenge for the effectiveness of HIV treatment. Epidemiologic data on PDR is necessary to help establish ART regimens with good efficacy.

Pulmonary tuberculosis case notification and burden of drug resistance among children under 15 years of age in Ethiopia: sub-analysis from third-round drug resistance tuberculosis survey.

Introduction: Data on the burden of bacteriologically confirmed childhood Tuberculosis (PTB) and drug-resistant TB in Ethiopia is limited due to difficulties related to its diagnosis in this population. Therefore, this study aimed to assess bacteriologically confirmed childhood PTB Case Notification Rates (CNRs) and the burden of Drug Resistant-Tuberculosis among children in Ethiopia.

Method: Retrospective secondary clinical and laboratory data were obtained from 3rd round national DR-TB survey which was conducted between August 2017 and January 2019.

Low level of HIV-1C integrase strand transfer inhibitor resistance mutations among recently diagnosed ART-naive Ethiopians.

With the widespread use of Integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTIs), surveillance of HIV-1 pretreatment drug resistance is critical in optimizing antiretroviral treatment efficacy. However, despite the introduction of these drugs, data concerning their resistance mutations (RMs) is still limited in Ethiopia. Thus, this study aimed to assess INSTI RMs and polymorphisms at the gene locus coding for Integrase (IN) among viral isolates from ART-naive HIV-1 infected Ethiopian population.

Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern and Bacterial Spectrum Among Patients with External Eye Infections at Menelik II Referral Hospital in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

Background: Eye infections can cause loss or impairment of visual function and can lead to severe impairment. Bacteria are the most common pathogens that affect the structure of the eye. As a result, quick identification of the causative agents and testing of their medication susceptibility are essential for effective treatment of eye infections.

Community awareness and experiences of health workers concerning mosquito-borne viral diseases in selected districts of Gambella Region, Southwestern Ethiopia.

In this study, we assessed community awareness and experiences of health workers about mosquito-borne viral diseases in selected districts of the Gambella Region, South Western Ethiopia. A community and health facility-based qualitative study involving 11 focus group discussions (FGDs) with community dmembers and two FGDs with health workers was conducted between November 2017 to January 2018. A total of 122 community members and 16 health workers participated in the study.

Seroprevalence of Yellow fever, Chikungunya, and Zika virus at a community level in the Gambella Region, South West Ethiopia.

Yellow fever (YF), Chikungunya (CHIK), and Zika(ZIK) are among re-emerging arboviral diseases of major public health concern. Despite the proximity of the Gambella Region to South Sudan where arboviral cases have been recorded repeatedly the current epidemiological situation is unclear in this part of southwest Ethiopia. Therefore, we conducted a community-based seroprevalence survey of YF virus (YFV), CHIK virus (CHIKV), and ZIK virus (ZIKV) infections in two selected districts.

Molecular Characterization of Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase-Producing Enterobacteriaceae Isolates Collected from Inanimate Hospital Environments in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

Introduction: The hospital environment contributes to the spread of Extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (ESBL-PE), which are contributing to increased morbidity and mortality rates. The present study was carried out to detect environmental contamination, antimicrobial susceptibility testing of ESBL-PE, and to explore molecular characterization of ESBL encoding genes.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted within the intensive care units (ICUs) of Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital from June to July 2018.

Prevalence of Bacterial Urinary Tract Infection and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Patterns Among Diabetes Mellitus Patients Attending Zewditu Memorial Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

Background: Urinary tract infection (UTI) is caused by colonization and growth of microorganisms within the urinary system. Diabetic patients are more prone to bacterial UTI due to impaired host defense and high glucose concentration in urine. Surveillance of uropathogens and their antibiogram is a key to patient management.

Sero-prevalence of West Nile virus and Rift Valley fever virus infections among cattle under extensive production system in South Omo area, southern Ethiopia.

West Nile fever (WNF) and Rift Valley fever (RVF) are emerging and re-emerging zoonotic diseases of veterinary and public health importance in Africa. Despite the existence of potential vectors and a wide range of hosts, the transmission of these diseases in domestic animals has not been well documented in the South Omo area of Ethiopia. This study aimed to estimate the sero-prevalence of IgG antibodies produced against West Nile virus (WNV) and Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) infections among cattle in the South Omo area.

Seroprevalence of Rift Valley Fever and West Nile Fever in Cattle in Gambella Region, South West Ethiopia.

Introduction: Rift Valley fever (RVF) and West Nile fever (WNF) are re-emerging mosquito-borne zoonotic diseases that cause public health and economic crises. Ethiopia shares borders with South Sudan and Kenya, where these diseases are often documented. The free movement of animals and humans across these borders expects to increase the spread of these diseases.

COVID-19 pandemic: current knowledge about the role of pets and other animals in disease transmission.

On 11 March 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) announced Corona Virus Disease (COVID-19), a disease caused by a pathogen called Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), a pandemic. This ongoing pandemic has now been reported in 215 countries with more than 23 million confirmed cases and more than 803 thousand deaths worldwide as of August 22, 2020. Although efforts are undergoing, there is no approved vaccine or any specific antiretroviral drug to treat COVID-19 so far.

Increased HIV-1 pretreatment drug resistance with consistent clade homogeneity among ART-naive HIV-1 infected individuals in Ethiopia.

Background: The development of pretreatment drug resistance (PDR) is becoming an obstacle to the success of antiretroviral therapy (ART). Besides, data from developing settings including Ethiopia is still limited. Therefore, this study was aimed to assess HIV-1 genetic diversity and PDR mutations among ART-naive recently diagnosed HIV-1 infected individuals in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice of Jinka University Students About Yellow Fever, Ethiopia: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Background: Yellow fever (YF) is endemic in South Omo area of Ethiopia. Although Jinka University (JKU) is located in South Omo Zone, there is no information regarding the level of knowledge, attitude, and practice of students toward YF. The current study aimed to assess knowledge, attitude, and practice of JKU students toward YF and factors associated with the overall knowledge and attitude about the disease.

Community-based sero-prevalence of chikungunya and yellow fever in the South Omo Valley of Southern Ethiopia.

Background: Chikungunya (CHIK) and yellow fever (YF) are becoming major public health threats in East African countries including Ethiopia. In Ethiopia, there is no reliable information about the epidemiology of CHIK. This study aimed to assess a community-based sero-prevalence of CHIK and YF in the South Omo Valley, an endemic area for YF.

First detection and molecular characterization of sapoviruses and noroviruses with zoonotic potential in swine in Ethiopia.

Noroviruses (NoVs) and sapoviruses (SaVs), which belong to the family Caliciviridae, are important human and animal enteric pathogens with zoonotic potential. In Ethiopia, no study has been done on the epidemiology of animal NoVs and SaVs. The aim of this study was to detect and characterize NoVs and SaVs from swine of various ages.

Prevalence and molecular characterization of human noroviruses and sapoviruses in Ethiopia.

Viral gastroenteritis is a major public health problem worldwide. In Ethiopia, very limited studies have been done on the epidemiology of enteropathogenic viruses. The aim of this study was to detect and characterize noroviruses (NoVs) and sapoviruses (SaVs) from acute gastroenteritis patients of all ages.

Prevalence and correlates of anemia among HIV infected patients on highly active anti-retroviral therapy at Zewditu Memorial Hospital, Ethiopia.

Background: Ethiopia is one of the most seriously HIV affected countries in Sub-Saharan Africa. Anemia is a known predictor of disease progression and death among HIV infected patients. In this study, we investigated the magnitude and correlates of anemia among HIV infected patients receiving HAART at a referral hospital in Ethiopia.